EMU and the UK essays

EMU and the UK papers The possibility of a solitary money has just been referenced in 1957 when the European Union was established. During the next years a few conversations about a Monetary Union occurred, however with no accomplishments. The initial moves towards the EMU were just made in 1992, when the individuals from the EC met in Maastricht. A plan for the improvement of the EMU was made there. In the years after the arrangement the readiness started. In 1999 trade rates were unavoidably fixed and exchanges began to be conceivable in Euros. The Eurozone comprised of 11 part states as of now, Greece turned into the twelfth part in 2001. In December 2001 occupants of the Eurozone could get alleged starter-packs containing Euro-coins. In January 2002 likewise banknotes were presented and in March 2002 the national monetary forms got invalid. (Hair stylist and Naimark, 2001) Since the establishment of the European Monetary Union in 1992 there have consistently been contentions for and against a solitary cash. In spite of all analysis the Euro is reality in twelve nations now. This reality has the two favorable circumstances and inconveniences. The most clear positive contention for the Euro is that exchange costs are spared. This worries individuals who are voyaging abroad inside the Eurozone, yet over all organizations that import or fare to other EMU nations. (Wren-Lewis, 2001) For firms that import or fare a lot of the exchange costs are sizable and are incompletely given to shoppers through higher prizes. (Eudey, 1998). In this way, through the single money shoppers will show signs of improvement costs. Estimations state that through the Euro 0,5 % of EC's GDP (Stavridis et al., 1996) or $ 30 Billion every year (Salvatore, 2002) will be spared. Another significant truth is that the single money wipes out the swapping scale uncertainty.This should expand exchange, as conversion standard hazard implies a shrouded cost on the exchange. (Eudey, 1998) Research has proposed that the Euro will help exchange by the factor of three... <!

things fall apart and the spirit world :: essays research papers

At the point when strife comes to fruition, many have simply one credit to depend on to assist them with defeating certain debacles: their confidence. The characters of Things Fall Apart are no special case. The individuals of Umuofia tons of the soul world as a methods for cordiality. They depend on their religion to settle goals with different clans and to respond to questions. They rely upon the soul world additionally to deal with disciplines and moreover assume a noteworthy job on new conceived babies. Shockingly, the solid dependence with the soul world breakdown when the White Christians attack.      It is unmistakably observed exactly how significant the soul world is to the individuals of Umuofia. The kola nut is utilized as a social custom of friendliness among the clan. Speaking to vivacity, the nut is utilized as an inviting tidbit. The kola nut is passed to and fro between the visitor and the proprietor of the hovel until one does the respect of at long last opening the nut. The individuals of Umuofia accept these activities will satisfy their divine beings. They accept that â€Å"He who brings kola brings life.†      The individuals of Umuofia rely upon the soul world to assist them with inconveniences or issues. At the point when a close by town has executed an Umuofian lady, they go to their divine beings to perceive what is fit as discipline. The divine beings request that the town do repentance for their transgressions towards their kin. Mbaino offer a kid and a youthful virgin as installment. Another case of when individuals from the family call upon the agents of the soul world is while talking with Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and Caves. Requesting her assistance is a typical part custom of their religion. Locals go to the prophet when they have inquiries of their future or hardship and find solutions through its priestess.      Many convictions follow the religion that the individuals of Umuofia practice. The individuals depend on the soul world to give disciplines when consecrated laws of their religion are broken. Okonkwo is compelled to make penances to the earth goddess when he damages the Week of Peace. Twins are thought to bring misfortune for guardians, subsequently are left beyond words the Evil Forest to satisfy the divine beings. Ekwefi, Okonkwo’s girl is compelled to locate the stone that is connected to the soul world. The individuals depend on this since it is believed that the soul of an underhanded kid reenters its moms belly, as discipline they are disfigured, yet in the event that the stone is discovered, at that point the pattern of dieing babies stop.

Analysis of Employee Satisfaction-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Compose an Essay on Employee Satisfaction. Answer: Presentation As human capital or individuals are an associations most significant resource, associations should expand all representatives work fulfillment to build profitability. I concur with the announcement and it will be additionally clarified in detail in the paper. The human capital or the representatives of the association are a significant piece of the tasks. The workers are viewed as the benefits of the organization and the fulfillment of the representatives is significant for expanding efficiency and productivity of the associations. The administration of the association needs to find a way to build the degrees of fulfillment of the representatives with the goal that their profitability can increment. The expansion in the efficiency of the workers will additionally build the benefit of the association (Alegre, Mas-Machuca Berbegal-Mirabent, 2016). The administrators play a significant during the time spent expanding the fulfillment levels of the representatives in the association. Conversation identified with the methods for expanding fulfillment of representatives The chiefs of the associations assume a critical job in the giving inspiration and expanding work fulfillment of the representatives. The degrees of occupation fulfillment and the commitment of workers in the association are significant variables that can prompt the expansion of profitability. The supervisors can attempt numerous approaches to help the fulfillment levels of workers and increment staff maintenance in the association. The organizations consistently need to put the representatives first as they hold elevated levels of essentialness in giving fulfillment to the clients. The associations need to comprehend that the upbeat representatives will eventually prompt cheerful clients which will additionally expand the incomes (Coetzee Stoltz, 2015). The various ways by which the representative fulfillment levels can be expanded are as talked about further. The treatment gave to the representatives at the various degrees of the association should be deferential in nature. The advantages and the remuneration that are given to the workers are not in every case enough to expand their inspiration levels. The regard that is given to them by the chiefs assumes a noteworthy job in expanding the inspiration levels. The effect of poor treatment gave to the workers can prompt the expansion in their disappointment levels and it can cause an increment in the representative turnover of the organization. The degrees of trust between the workers and the upper administration affects the inspiration of the representatives. The administration needs to offer help to the representatives with the goal that a beneficial workforce can be shaped. The connections between the representatives which need trust can put the workers on the edge. The earth of the association additionally gets distressing in nature and channels the vitality of the representatives. The administrators need to manufacture the associations with the workers in such a manner thus, that the degrees of trust are high and the unfriendly circumstances in the association can be stayed away from. The development pace of the workers can likewise increment because of the significant levels of trust among the representatives and the upper administration. The quick bosses of the representatives additionally assume a significant job in giving inspiration with respect to the different hierarchical procedures. The directors or the supervisors need to make a solid bond with the representatives so they can pick up their trust. This aides in making a protected workplace for the representatives in the association. The inventive thoughts in the associations are produced effectively if nature is sheltered (Du Preez Bendixen, 2015). The chiefs can have conversations with the representatives on an intermittent premise so they can empower them about the imaginative thoughts, challenges and the accomplishments in the association. The presentation the executives frameworks of the associations assume a significant job in the inspiration procedure of the workers. The affirmation, remuneration and the acknowledgment that are given to the representatives by the directors help in expanding the inspiration levels. The representatives become increasingly beneficial and occupied with the work procedure of the association if the chiefs feature their qualities and propel them (Edmans Zhang, 2014). Worker inspiration represents a significant test to the administration of the association. The workplaces of the organizations need to put accentuation on the fulfillment of representatives and it ought to be treated as a significant piece of their whole business procedure. The endeavors of the administrators won't be upheld splendidly except if the representatives working under their managements are propelled towards their employments. The steady working environments can likewise give difficulties to the directors with respect to their objectives and the ways by which they can energize the representative inspiration (Elnaga Imran, 2014). The every day moves that are made by the administration of the organizations help expanding the degrees of inspiration. The activities taken by the administration can in this manner help in improving the workplace of the representatives. The most significant contemplations identified with worker inspiration are, benefits, professional stability, pay or remuneration and the wellbeing identified with the workplace. The administrators can embrace numerous activities to make a workplace for the representatives which will support them and further increment efficiency (Men 2014). The correspondence procedure in the association is a significant factor that influences their inspiration levels and employment fulfillment. The workers consistently need to be locked in and educated about the different procedures that are going on inside the association (Huang Rundle-Thiele, 2014). They are constantly keen on the data that is important to finish their occupations. The representatives consistently require enough measures of data with the goal that reasonable choices can be made by them. The directors can hold every day gatherings with the representatives and give them data that is significant for their work procedure. The input gave by the clients, the progressions that have happened in the due dates, the open doors identified with preparing and the updates related new divisions can be given in the gatherings. The administrators need to fare thee well and speak with those workers who are the most influenced by the progressions that have occurred all the while. The workers should make certain about the progressions that have occurred in the association. The correspondence of the chiefs with the representatives should happen consistently so a relationship of trust is made between them. The correspondence and the connection that happens between the chiefs and the workers can give them elevated levels of fulfillment (Hur, Moon Jung, 2015). The procedure of correspondence in the association ought to be straightforward and open in nature and gatherings ought to be hung on an intermittent premise. The association needs to actualize an open entryway arrangement for the representatives with the goal that they can share their thoughts and give contributions to the work procedure. The directors need to comprehend the different issues of the representatives and take endeavors to tackle them. The association can rouse the representatives by giving them chances to build up their own capacities and aptitudes. The representatives are fulfilled on the off chance that they can additionally build their insight while working for the associations. The intelligent occasions, gatherings and exercises held in the association can expand the fulfillment levels of the workers (Jain Kaur, 2014). The representative fulfillment can be expanded likewise by furnishing them with chances to get broadly educating about the various obligations and jobs that they play in an association. The bosses can likewise expand the degrees of fulfillment by giving more obligations higher occupation jobs to the workers. The additional duties that are doled out to the workers can assist them with growing in the association and further increment their efficiency. The thoughts that are given by workers should be fused by the associations with the goal that they can comprehend their significance in the association. The representatives should be furnished with more chances so they can exceed expectations in their fields (Leder et al., 2016). The administrators can dole out the workers with high presents related on driving groups or activities. This will rouse them to engage in the hierarchical procedures and further increment the degrees of fulfillment. The chiefs need to invest more energy with the representatives and attempt to comprehend their issues. The consideration gave by the chiefs will build the activity fulfillment of the workers. The grievances and the worries of the representatives should be tended to by the directors with the goal that the disappointment levels of the representatives don't increment and further it doesn't influence the working environment (Lottrup et al., 2015). The ways by which the grumblings of the representatives are tended to by the administration of the association is significant in choosing the fulfillment levels. The administration ought to consistently be open for the workers and the worries, issues and the thoughts of the representatives must contact them absent a lot of deferral. End The article can be closed by expressing that the representatives assume the most significant job in expanding the profitability and the incomes of the association. The administration in this way needs to guarantee that they take most extreme consideration about the fulfillment of the workers. The high fulfillment of workers will guarantee high profitability and the clients of the association will likewise be upbeat simultaneously. The significant obligation of the organizations is accordingly to build the inspiration and fulfillment levels of the workers. This will help the association in expanding the incomes and improve representative maintenance. The maintenance of representatives additionally holds significance as the enlistment procedure is identified with gigantic expenses for the association. The workers are th

Normal Concentration Definition in Chemistry

There are two meanings for normal in chemistry. (1) Normal or normal concentration refers to a concentration of solutes that is the same in two samples. (2) Normality is the gram equivalent weight of a solution in a solution, which is its molar concentration divided by an equivalence factor. It is used in situations where molarity or molality might be confusing or else difficult to determine. Normal concentration is also known as normality, N, isotonic. Examples (1) A 9% salt solution has a normal concentration with respect to most human body fluids.(2) A 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is 2 N for acid-base reactions because each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H ions. A 2 N solution is called a 2 normal solution.

Sentence Transformation Exercises for ESL Students

Sentence transformation exercises are a great way to expand your English language skills. The ability to rewrite sentences so that they have the same meaning as the original is often required for ESL and EFL exams such as Cambridges First Certificate, CAE,  and Proficiency. Knowing how to rewrite sentences effectively also will help you prepare for the TOEFL examination (Test of English as a Foreign Language).   Transforming Sentences The beauty of the English language lies in sentence construction. By choosing your words carefully, you can write two different sentences that mean the same thing. Consider these two sentences: Ive lived here since 2002. I moved here in 2002. The subject (I) is the same in each sentence, while the verbs (lived, moved) are different. But they both express the same idea. Test Yourself Ready to put your skills to the test? Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use no more than five words. See answer key at the bottom of the page. This will be my students first performance in Canada.This will be the first time ____________ This course will take us six months to complete.In six months time ____________ There will be someone to meet you on arrival.When ____________ The number of people who understand his ideas exceed his expectations.More people ____________ The money didnt arrive for a month.It was ____________ The last time I saw him was in 2001.I havent ____________ Shell have to make her presentation at the end of his speech.The moment he ____________ Sharon will finish her exams. Then she will have more free time.Once ____________ Quite a few DVDs are missing from the shelves.Several people ____________ Peter wasnt always so moody.Peter didnt ____________ Quiz Answers This will be my students first performance in Canada.This will be the first time my student has performed in Canada. This course will take us six months to complete.In six months time, we will have completed this course. There will be someone to meet you on arrival.​When you arrive someone will be there. The number of people who understand his ideas exceeds his expectations.More people understand him than he expects. The money didnt arrive for a month.It was a month before the money arrived. The last time I saw him was in 2001.I havent seen him since 2001. Shell have to make her presentation at the end of his speech.The moment he finishes shell have to make her presentation. Sharon will finish her exams. Then she will have more free time.Once Sharon has finished her exams she will have more free time. Quite a few DVDs are missing from the shelves.Several people have not returned (their) DVDs. Peter wasnt always so moody.Peter didnt use to be so moody.

Frankenstein And Science What Is The Purpose Of Science

Frankenstein and Science: What is the Purpose of Science? What does it mean to conquer nature? In the Romantic era of Mary Shelley, scientists were the ultimate conquerors of the natural world. The Enlightenment allowed for impressive advancements in the realm of science that negated the need for mystery in nature. This fact downplayed the necessity of faith and reliance on God and emphasized the importance of logical, empirical evidence for the belief of anything and everything. Science becomes the ultimate vision of reality that Romantic writers oftentimes critique. Mary Shelley uses Frankenstein to expose science, despite its many positive contributions, as an avenue for irresponsible scientists to pursue scientific advancement no matter the cost to humanity. In Frankenstein, Shelley critiques science as an inaccurate method of conquering nature. Shelley says via the professor with whom Frankenstein initially works that, â€Å"They [scientists] have acquired new and almost unlimited powers; they can command the thunders of heaven, mimic the earthquake, and even mock the invisible world with its own shadows† (Shelley, 49). This statement brings to light the romantic concern that science is an attempt to replace God by human power (Harrison Gannon, 2015). Scientists wanted to pursue a sort of God-like persona to gain power and certainty in a world that was constantly changing. The motivation for the pursuit of creating the being with which Victor pours so much of himselfShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Caleb Williams 1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn A.D Harvey’s article â€Å"Frankenstein and Caleb Williams,† he explains that Mary Shelley’s famous work, Frankenstein; was not intended to be of any actual scientific evidence, but rather written just only with the intention of a gothic horror piece â€Å"we will each write a ghost story† (Frankenstein Author’s introduction vii). Harvey’s target is to reach out to the science community and to sway them to look past the mechanics of how Frankenstein’s monster is created and focus on other points of interestRead MoreEssay on Science, Technology, and Morality in Shelleys Frankenstein1098 Words   |  5 Pages Frankenstein and Sciencenbsp;nbsp; Science is the knowledge gained by a systematic study, knowledge which then becomes facts or principles. In the systematic study; the first step is observation, the second step hypothesis, the third step experimentation to test the hypothesis, and lastly the conclusion whether or not the hypothesis holds true. These steps have been ingrained into every student of science, as the basic pathway to scientific discovery. This pathway holds not decision as toRead MoreThe Intellectual Pursuit and Its Social Counterpart in Frankenstein1056 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Counterpart Victor Frankenstein, as a scientist, has a burning passion and an infinite curiosity for the science of reanimation. After spending years studying what is known of the subject, Victor makes a discovery that would have been considered an enormous scientific breakthrough. However, once Frankenstein applies this new science, the science becomes a detriment to society, never to be attempted again. Frankenstein ignored the social implications of the science of reanimation, assuming thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1540 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper explores Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and two articles by John Nosta from Forbes and Nick Collins from the Telegraph in regards to the advantages and disadvantages of technology in society. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein shows the conflict between those advantages and disadvantages through its plot and characters. The articles, however, gives two somewhat opposite perspectives on the advantages and disadvantages of technology. They explore whether technology is humankind’s monster. Nosta regardsRead MoreFrankenstein: The Danger in Knowledge, Science and Playing God 1846 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Frankenstein’s monster? Is the Monster a man? Is he a living, breathing demon? What does he represent? Is the Monster a representation of the dangers of playing with science? Is he representative of the dangers of pursuing knowledge? Alternatively, does he reveal to us the dangers of playing God? Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein uses Victor Frankenstein’s creation to expose the dangers of knowledge and playing God. Shelley exposes the readers to how in the pursuit of knowledge, man too oftenRead MoreSimilar Ideas Presented in Blade Runner by Ridley Scott and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley 1469 Words   |  6 Pageshundred years after Frankenstein is still able to reflect the ideas proposed in the latter. Blade Runner by Ridley Scott deals with the effects of globalisation and consumerism during 1980’s. Alternatively, the epistolary novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley deals with the kinship to the natural world set in the Romantic Era and enlightenment period. However Blade Runner, although subjected by a different context, also portrays a similar idea to Frankenstein; the fear of science and technology coupledRead MoreMary B. Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesMany people believe, in the modern American society, that the purpose of an author is to provide society with deep, enthralling tales that capture the history, actions, or fantasies of humans. While this common conception maybe somewhat true, in reality, an author’s primary purpose is to write a tale that communicates a message of morals and beliefs for society to acknowledge. Born in the year of 1797, Mary Shelley proves to be one of the latter as she becomes a revered pioneer in the creation ofRead MoreFrankenstein and Blade Runner1069 Words   |  5 Pagesi dentity emerges from considering the parallels between Frankenstein and Blade Runner.† Compare how these texts explore disruption and identity. Frankenstein and BladeRunner both explore disruption and identity through the creators who have created life unethically and through the characters who were created and were abandoned. Shelley and Scott present the responder with a disrupted world where the relationships between nature and science and creator and created reflect disruption and identityRead MoreWarning Of The Dangers Of Science Or Suggestion That The Human1309 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Frankenstein: warning of the dangers of science or suggestion that the human quest for knowledge is a noble undertaking? Human societies have come a long way from the time of hunting and gathering. Self-sufficient and possessing high capacity for questioning what systems are currently in place, and the astonishingly unique ability to discover solutions for problems; humankind is truly one of a kind. This distinctive quality grants humanity the ability to innovate, improve on what alreadyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe ability to create and destroy through the use of science is one of many driving forces that lead people to choose this field of study. Mary Shelley creates a thought-provoking storyline through the eyes of scientist Victor Frankenstein in her novel Frankenstein, who experiences these driving forces. In her world-known novel the scientist fulfills his goals of giving life to a spirit-less body, playing God. Shortly after, he becomes frightened of the creature he created, making him flee his home

Lutheran Orthodoxy And PietismSo What Essay Research free essay sample

Lutheran Orthodoxy And Pietism? So What? Essay, Research Paper Lutheran Orthodoxy and Pietism? So What? In many modern-day Lutheran circles, the labels? Orthodoxy? and? Pietism? are clearly unflattering. In popular use, Orthodoxy means a fossilised over-intellectualized theological system that neglected the life of the people and distorted the heritage of the Reformation, synonymous with? ivory-tower stubborn reactionist intellectual. ? One fold, for illustration, had to listen to a discourse on Matthew 10:30 ( ? And even the hairs of your caput are all counted? ) which the sermonizer subdivided into subdivisions: the beginnings, manner, and signifier of hair ; its correct attention ; reminiscences, warnings, and comfort derived from hair ; how to care for hair in good Christian manner ; and how to do usage of it. Its chief feature was its accent on systematic idea. ? A 2nd feature that made it similar to medieval divinity was its usage of Aristotle. ? The 3rd ground why Lutheran divinity in the 17th century is decently called? scholastic? is that it was largely the merchandise of schools. It was no longer, as in the old century, a divinity born out of the life of the church and directed towards prophesying and the attention of psyches, but instead a divinity developed in the universities, and addressed to other bookmans and university professors. ? It left two of import bequests: its philosophy of biblical inspiration, and its spirit of stiff confessionalism. Similarly, Pietism means a system of elaborate ultra-conservative Torahs that lead to an empty formalism? a kind of Lutheran Judaism. In common idiom the term has come to intend? stiff piousness? or? pretentious quietist dissembler? . These negative ratings are non without some justification. They betray, nevertheless, a context-bound consciousness because they do non try to sympathetically come in into the times and idea of the period. Rather than rejecting our history, it is better to encompass it and convey from it the lessons it has for our ain times. In this paper, I will see these motions by looking at their general features, the manner they answer the inquiry? What must I make to be saved? ? , the beginnings of authorization, the significance of community, and their apprehension of what is means to be a True Christian, and their failings as viewed from the opposing cantonments. With this stuff in head, I will so see the deductions of this apprehension of our history for our present context. Orthodoxy and Pietism? The Nature of the Motions In general, it may be said that the Orthodox were concerned about larning right thought, believing that it would take to right action, while the Pietists were concerned about making a right relationship, trying to foster that relationship through right action. Lutheran Orthodoxy was distinguished by a individual cardinal concern: pure philosophy. The overruling concern was to set up, keep, support, and learn? pure philosophy? . By pure philosophy, the Orthodox theologians meant a system of belief based on the content of Bible used to construe the Scriptures in learning and prophesying. The most rigorous logical system of the clip, Aristotelean logical analysis, was used to guarantee that the philosophy was right deduced. The necessity to keep pure philosophy led to extreme intolerance of any fluctuation in divinity and to motivate and vigorous suppression of unorthodoxy. Because the purpose of pure philosophy was to convey the Word, big sums of energy were spent in learning and proving the temporalty in the recitation of the catechism. Stoffler identifies three important subjects in Pietism: the importance of personal relationship with God, the necessity to endeavor for sanctification, the demand for the person to prosecute in Bible survey. The accent on the demand and ability for the temporalty to prosecute in instruction and survey, a resurgence of the priesthood of all trusters, is every bit of import. The kernel of Christianity is to be found in the personally meaningful relationship of the person to God? ( They mean to ) point in the way of the centrality of the person? s relationship to God. Justification is meaningless from the point of position of the person who needs redemption unless it is personally appropriated in a fiduciary committedness. Justification must be more than a forensic act on the portion of God. It must come in into human experience. This it does in the divinely shaped miracle of transition and in the divinely initiated and supported endeavoring for sanctification. Pietism, from the beginning? was strongly committed to Biblical norms of idea and life and became progressively distrustful of ground. ? It was this inexplicit, slightly naif, trust in the Word, instead than in adult male? s words about the Word, which is besides responsible for the fact that Pietists truly trusted the spiritual sentiments of theologically untrained laypersons. ? Laymans were permitted to attest, exhort, and even to prophesy. The philosophy of the priesthood of all trusters was therefore rescued one time once more from being a mere tenet and set free to exercise its influence in the Church. The accent on personal relationship with God is a manner of understanding Luther? s definition of God, A God is that to which we look for all good and in which we find refuge in every clip of demand. To hold a God is nil else than to swear and believe him with our whole bosom. Pietism idea of religion as an experiential act of the whole individual, and non simply assensus. The content of the religion was therefore of less import. The educational focal point became scriptural literacy instead than theological literacy. What Must I Do to be Saved? The theological accents of Orthodoxy and Pietism resulted in different types of pattern for the temporalty, different manners of sermon, and different signifiers of devotional literature. It is helpful to see the responses of the two motions to the practical inquiry, ? What Must I do to be Saved? ? The Orthodox response to this inquiry is, ? You must recognize that you are a suffering evildoer, wholly incapable of being worthy of redemption. You must so believe and experience right about Jesus. You will so be freely given redemption. ? The Pietistic response is, ? You must be converted to a new relationship with God. Analyze your workss. If they are non worthy of a follower of Christ, so your transition is non completed. You will be freely given redemption if you have faith, shown by your workss. ? Both systems assumed, in covering with redemption, that the individual addressed was undue, did non hold religion, and was non in a right relationship with God. They both asserted that penitence and religion would take to right relationship and right action. Neither placed much accent on either baptism or on the sacrament of the communion table. The demand to come to footings with? at the same time justified and evildoer? meant that neither system, nevertheless, could travel beyond this, but began the rhythm once more. In other words the suffering evildoer was saved but was still in demand of redemption. The implicit in message of such a divinity is that worlds must ever be immersed in guilt and penitence, self-affliction and self-torture. Authority Both the Orthodox and the Pietists held the Bible to be the important criterion for religion and pattern. They differed significantly with respect to reading and practical application of the Bible. Orthodoxy held that the church is? the lone proper and competent translator of the Bible. ? Not merely was the Bible to be a standard but it was besides assumed to be a complete sourcebook for divinity and pattern, ? Sacred Bible contains everything to be believed and done. ? Therefore, the Orthodox took small history of the changed physical and societal fortunes between Biblical times and civilizations and their ain. The Pietists emphasized the ability and necessity for the temporalty to prosecute in Bible survey. The first of Spener? s proposals was a greater usage of the Scripture in church, place, and survey group. All the temporalty were to be able to construe Bible for the sophistication and solace of others. There was slightly more freedom in reading with respect to application, but the hermeneutic remained Orthodox. The confessional preparation of justification was of import to the Orthodox and was often explicated in Arndt? s True Christianity. The Pietists recognized that their accent on the Christian life appeared antithetical to justification by religion and exhausted clip seeking to accommodate the two. Neither group, nevertheless, was of all time able to hold on the possibility that the consecrated life might be one of diverseness. Both motions had entreaty to the Lutheran Confessions and to Luther? s Hagiographas. The Orthodox often besides used statements from the early Fathers to back up theological statements. The Pietists, in contrast, used the Hagiographas of medieval mysticism and moralism, peculiarly those of St. Bernard of Clairveaux. Community The function and value of community contrasted between the Orthodox and the Pietists. The Orthodox were strongly conditioned by trueness to their historical and physical communities. Conformity to knowledge and pattern was supremely of import. The trial system , the legal codification, the forced catechization, all acted to implement conformance to community spiritual criterions. Deviation from the community was quickly punished. The Pietists were more individualistic in attack. The of import Markss of sanctification that they intended to cultivate were more single? for illustration, non attending at worship, but cheerful and capable exercising of 1s naming. The Pietists expected that merely few of people would be true Christians. There was hence small sense in promoting group designation if the great mass of the community would be stubborn. This separation from the community allowed the Pietists to stress service to the community at the same clip that they could be critical of the community. True Christianity The pastoral end for both the Orthodox and the Pietists was to distribute? True Christianity? . They defined the significance of this end otherwise. To the Orthodox, a true Christian was one who held to the Lutheran philosophy, the merely truly? pure? philosophy. The Pietists more normally defined the true Christian as one who was a adherent of Jesus, that is the practical effects in the truster? s life were the criterion. These effects were frequently considered to include specific emotions, peculiarly the experience of transition. The difference may be summarized as one of? The One True Faith? versus? The One True Praxis? . Reciprocal Positions The Orthodox manner of stressing the gracious nature of justification and the importance of conformance to the community could take to a formalized? lowest common denominator? faith with small grounds of transmutation in the lives of the people, or even of the curates. The trial studies seem peculiarly dejecting with their lists of misconduct and dirt. The Pietists ailments, nevertheless have a ring of truth: ? It has come so far with us, we who call ourselves Lutherans, because we have heard so frequently that the Catholics would be saved through good plants but such is denied in the Lutheran Doctrine, that most believe it is non even their responsibility to make good. ? Our readings have non included primary anti-Pietistic literature. The primary ailments of the Orthodox were that the Pietists focal point on the experience of transition and the indwelling of Jesus created a subjectivist attack to justification. The danger of such an attack is that, since no 1 can will emotions, individuals without such emotions can despair. In add-on, the Orthodox were concerned that the accent on the marks of sanctification could take to excuse by plants. Contemplations Orthodoxy in a Pietistic Spirit? While our class attempted to do a instance for modern-day Lutheranism as? Orthodoxy in a Pietistic Spirit, ? I suggest that that point of view does non use to modern-day ELCA pattern, but instead more accurately reflects the Missouri Synod? s stance. If we characterize the general ELCA place on the issues of importance to the Orthodox and the Pietists, possibly the analogies with the yesteryear will be clarified. We are non chiefly Orthodox. Although we have some concern for the logical defensibility of philosophy, we do non be given to trust on an detailed massive divinity as the primary agencies of informing our sermon or keeping our community. Our openness to oecumenic treatment and to divinities from other faith communities is antithetical to Orthodox stances. We do non curtail Biblical reading to the clergy. We are non loath to promote practical societal action. We teach about no expressed divinity to the temporalty ; the catechism is about fresh, even in verification categories. We have a much more outstanding Pietistic influence. We have become progressively concerned with societal action. We spend monolithic resources on instruction ; largely in footings of Bible survey and practical applications. The engagement and ability of the temporalty to take these plans are assumed, even without developing. We emphasize relationship with God instead than understanding of philosophy. We are individualistic instead than communitarian because the Lutherans are simply one point on the assortment of spiritual picks. We have other elements that are antithetical to both Orthodoxy and Pietism. We tend to be grace-centered in position and do non stress the personal experience of wickedness and desperation ; we neer preach about the cursus. We are much more aware and accepting of? simul justus et pecattore? than either the Pietists or the Orthodox. Our governments include more of the natural scientific disciplines and humanistic disciplines than either. Modern Bible scholarship has changed the manner in which the Bible is used as a criterion for divinity and pattern. We place small accent on? True Christians? because we tend to acknowledge both the diverseness and the ongoing nature of personal transmutation. This suggests that our current state of affairs could be described as one of? Transformed Pietism with an Orthodox Leavening? . How Does the History Inform our Present? There are a figure of decisions relevant to today? s Lutherans to be drawn from this history. While it is easy to wax nostalgic about the yearss when everyone was Lutheran and everybody went to church, existent scrutiny of those times shows a much less ideal state of affairs. Both the Orthodox and the Pietists wrote and spoke at length about the un-faith and immorality of their times. The voluntary nature of church rank in our society can be seen as a approval ; the majority of our parishioners can be presumed to hold at least some degree of committedness to the life of religion. We can therefore be more concerned with fostering religion instead than with seeking to change over the unregenerate. Both the Orthodox and the Pietist motions showed marks of underselling the? free gift? nature of justification. Their methodological analysiss help to demo us where the swamps and brushs are when we try to steer people in the Christian life. The Orthodox show us the dangers of over-emphasis on philosophy, doctrine, and assensus, while the Pietists demonstrate those of subjectiveness, emotionality, and normative moralss. These motions besides have given us illustrations of digesting subjects and patterns that we might make good to heighten. The Pietists insisting on Bible survey that is informed by scholarship could be a welcome restorative to our inclination towards shallow ballad Bible plans. The Orthodox regard for the catechism as a digest of the most of import theological subjects should admonish us against its neglect in our folds. The Pietist concern for personal plants of religion should admonish us against over-emphasis on corporate societal action. Both suggest that we should hold more understanding for the experience of transition among our parishioners, without doing such an experience in any manner a demand or a good work. The Orthodox experience suggests that we should re-evaluate the importance of community trueness to the care of our church ; it frequently seems that our committedness to inclusiveness demonise our European yesteryears. Lutheran Orthodoxy and Pietism receive small attending in general studies of church history. Possibly we would make good to convey these motions back into our historical consciousness. Bibliography Arndt, Johann, True Christianity, Tr. A ; intro Peter Erb, Preface Heiko A. Oberman ( New York: Paulist Press, 1979 ) , Forde, Gerhard, Justification by Faith, a Matter of Death and Life, ( Ramsey, NJ: Sigler Press 1990 ) Franke, August Herman, ? Duty to the Poor? , in Gary Sattler, God? s Glory, Neighbor? s Good, A Brief Introduction to the life and Writings of August Herman Francke, Chicago: Covenant Pres, 1982 Franke, August Herman, ? The Mystery of the Cross? , in Gary Sattler, God? s Glory, Neighbor? s Good, A Brief Introduction to the life and Writings of August Herman Francke, Chicago: Covenant Pres, 1982 Gerhard, John, Sacrae Meditationes, Tr. C. W. Heisler, Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society 1896 Gonzalez, Justo L. , The Story of Christianity, Volume 2, The Reformation to the Present Day, San Francisco: HarperSan? Francisco, 1985 Gritsch, Eric W. , Fortress Introduction to Lutheranism, ( Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994 ) Kolb, Robert, ? Jakob Andreae and His Concern for the Laity, ? Concordia Journal 4/2 ( 1977 ) ,58-67 Martin Luther, Theodore G. Tappert, transcriber, ? Large Catechism? , in The Book of Concord, Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1959 Preus, Robert D. , The Theology of Post-Reformation Lutheranism, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1970 Smits, Edmund, ? What Is Lutheran Orthodoxy? ? The Doctrine of Man in Classical Lutheran Theology, Ed. Herman A. Preus and Edmund Smits, Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1962 Stoeffler, F. Ernest, ? The Advent of Lutheran Pietism, ? The Rise of Evangelical Pietism, Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1965 Strauss, Gerald, ? The Reformation and Its Public in an Age of Orthodoxy, ? The German Peoples and the Reformation, erectile dysfunction. R. Po-Chia Hsia, Ithaca A ; London: Cornell University Press, 1988 Tappert, Theodore G. , ? The Influence of Pietism in Colonial American Lutheranism, ? Continental Pietism and Early American Christianity, erectile dysfunction. F. Ernest Stoeffler, Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 1976

Absorption Spectroscopy Essay Essays

Absorption Spectroscopy Essay Essays Absorption Spectroscopy Essay Essay Absorption Spectroscopy Essay Essay Absorption Spectroscopy Author: Lab Partners: Instructor: Chem 152 Date Work Performed: Date Work Submitted: Abstract A Beer’s Law analysis was used to determine the molar absorptivity of a Red-40 food dye. Using a spectrometer, the best wavelength to use for the analysis of this dye was determined to be 501nm. A series of dilutions were performed and the concentrations were calculated to find ‘E,’ the molar absorptivity, which was determined to be 18035 M-1 cm-1. Introduction The experimental behavior of the absorption spectroscopy lab is to be able to determine the molar absorptivity of a food dye; in this case, Red-40. The determination of the best wavelength to use is found by measuring the highest peak that had an absorbance between 1 and 1. 5. The dye concentration will be accomplished by preparing a series of serial dilutions and measuring the absorbance at the best wavelength previously determined to conduct a Beer’s Law analysis. Absorption spectroscopy is often used to calculate the amount of compound present in a solution sample by measuring the amount of light each wavelength it absorbs. Since the amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to the number of molecules in a solution, spectroscopy allows for the determination of a dye concentration and thus the molar absorptivity in the Red-40 dye. Beer’s Law is given by A=Ebc, where ‘A’ is the measured absorbance, ‘c’ is the concentration of the absorbing species, ‘b’ is the width of the cuvette, and ‘E’ is the molar absorptivity constant. This equation describes the linear relationship between the absorbance and the concentration, making it possible to calculate ‘E’ by graphing the absorbance versus concentration and finding the slope of the linear line. That being said, it is expected that the absorbance of the dye will decrease as the concentration decreases. Results Red-40 dilutions Solutions (dye-water)| Wavelength (nm)| Volume (ml)| Absorbance| Concentration (M)| Beginning dilution| 501| 105| 1. 46| 7. 59X10-5| 1st dilution 5ml-5ml| 501| 10| . 679| 3. 79X10-5| nd dilution 5ml-2ml| 501| 8| . 529| 2. 84X10-5| 3rd dilution 5ml-2ml| 501| 7| . 330| 2. 03X10-5| 4th dilution 5ml-2ml| 501| 7| . 271| 1. 45X10-5| Molar Absorptivity of Red-40 dye: 18035 M-1 cm-1 As the table above shows, the absorbance is directly related to the concentration. It decreases as the concentration decrease. Calculations Concentration of known stock dye: Red-40= 3. 989X10-3M Serial dilutions: 1st dilution: C1V1=C2V2 C2=C1V1/V2=3. 98 9X10-3M (2mL)/ 105mL=7. 59X10-5M 2nd dilution: C3=C2V2/V3=7. 59X10-5M (2mL)/ 10mL= 3. 9X10-5 M 3rd dilution: C4=C3V3/V4= 3. 79X10-5M (6mL)/ 8mL= 2. 84X10-5 M 4th dilution: C5=C4V4/V5=2. 84X10-5M (5mL)/ 7mL= 2. 03X10-5 M 5th dilution: C6=C5V5/V6=2. 03X10-5M (5mL)/ 7mL= 1. 45X10-5M Since E, the molar absorptivity of the dye, is related to the slope of the line in the chart above, E=18035 M-1 cm-1. Discussion I believe the molar absorptivity of the Red-40 food dye is 18035 M-1 cm-1. This number is found by graphing the measured absorbance versus the calculated concentration of the diluted dyes and then finding the slope. According to Beer’s Law equation, ‘E’ is the linear relationship between the concentration and absorbance. So by calculating the slope of the data line, it gives a reliable number as to what the absorptivity of the Red-40 dye is. With that being said, I am rather confident with my answer for the most part. There are a few things that could have affected the accuracy of the molar absorptivity we calculated, which is the various volumes of solution used. Had we used the same volume every time as well as a gradual decrease in the amount of water used in the dilutions, the results could be more reliable. However, using absorption spectroscopy to monitor the concentration of a reactant in a reaction is very viable. The spectrometer gives an accurate and reliable measurement of the absorbance. All you had to do was to find the measurement at the highest peak. It could have also provided inaccurate readings if the spectrometer was not calibrated corrected with the cuvette of water. Otherwise it is a reliable method to use to find absorbance, calculate concentration, and then the molar absorptivity.

Legalize Marijuana Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture

Legalize Marijuana Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture Legalize Marijuana The legalization of marijuana will reduce crime, narcotic drug use, and create a utopian society. Marijuana's effect on society is greatly over exaggerated in that marijuana acts as a scapegoat for many of society's problems. Marijuana is blamed today for being a gateway drug; this means that consumption of marijuana will lead to use of narcotic drugs, this claim has never been proven, the only grounds for it is that marijuana is a more widespread and more sampled drug. Furthermore, the legalization of marijuana would create potential tax revenue that would flow from a regulated market in marijuana. Marijuana grows throughout temperate regions, with more potent varieties produced in dry, hot, upland climates. Marijuana is defined as a cannabis plant; and or a preparation made from the dried flower clusters and leaves of the cannabis plant, smoked or eaten to induce euphoria (marijuana, 827, Webster's). Euphoria is a feeling of great happiness or well being (euphoria, 468). Chronic marijuana users may develop a motivational syndrome characterized by passivity, decreased motivation, and preoccupation with taking drugs. The relationship of this syndrome to marijuana use, however, has not been established. Like alcohol intoxication, marijuana intoxication impairs judgment, comprehension, memory, speech, problem-solving ability, and reaction time. The effect of long-term use on the intellect is unknown. There is no evidence that marijuana induces or causes brain damage (marijuana 2, Microsoft). The Drug Enforcement Agency estimates that we presently have 20 million regular users of marijuana in the United States (Heerema 130). The inclusion of drug users within society is in turn based on the premise that the desire to alter consciousness is a normal human trait, a drive as deep as the need for food, shelter and love (Siegel 1989). Humans perceive the use of marijuana to alter their state of consciousness as being a basic instinct that seems harmless and natural. Prohibition creates crime; it does not solve crime. It creates a tension within society that society cannot long bear. However, because some members of society are more tolerant of drug use than others, the attempt at prohibition inevitably tears society apart. It seems to work, for a while, but sooner or later the prohibition approach becomes untenable if society is to grow rather than stagnate. In the long run, society gradually adapts to the changes made necessary by the failure of the War on Drugs; and the new drugs appear, and then the cycle starts over (Aldrich 548). Therefore, if society wants to continue to grow, we must allow its inhabitants to alter their state of consciousness by using marijuana. A legal, regulated drug supply (as alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea, and prescription drugs) encourages people both socially and personally to use the smallest dosage and the lowest potency that will be effective. It encourages normalization and control of drug use, and discourages abuse. It accepts a certain social cost in that the use of these drugs will cause problems for some members of society; but it does not deny that drug use is human, and instead works through the problems presented by drug use in such a way as to minimize their harm. In exactly opposite fashion, the criminal approach to drug use encourages drug abuse, by attempting to cut off supply. This policy restriction makes the desired commodity scarce and difficult to obtain. In turn, the user wants as much as possible, in the highest possible potency, for hoarding as well as immediate use. This policy ignores the basic human urge to get high, discourages the controlled use of drugs, and offers no normal socialization, no internal or external controls, and no possibility of harm reduction. It puts even the casual or experimental user into the illicit drug subculture where abuse is more likely; and any attempt to encourage self-control, that is, showing people how to use drugs intelligently and in the least harmful way, is seen as condoning abuse (Weil and Rosen 1983). Therefore, the illicit drug scene, created by drug prohibition laws, encourages high-dose, high-potency drug seeking, and discourages moderation and self-regulation. The process of dilution is possible when drugs are legally regulated; but not when they are criminally distributed. In fact, dilution of strength is the basis for mass marketing of legal drugs;

The Difference in Authority Status Within the Family Essay

The Difference in Authority Status Within the Family - Essay Example My grandparents, we called them â€Å"mama† and â€Å"papa† respectively. We respected them because of their wisdom and feared them because of their ages. Our own parents made sure that the value of respect for the elders, especially the heads of the family, was instilled into our minds at an early age. This meant that even if we could reason out and discuss with our parents when something was not going our way, we were not given the same liberties by our parents when our grandparents were the ones in charge of us. We had to follow their orders without question or pause. The area where we grew up was unique because we had both the comforts of the city and the quiet existence of a farm life where we lived. The town proper and the malls were easily accessible to us while the area where we lived still housed goats and cows, a backyard industry of the residents of our area. In a way, I grew up in what others might consider being strange surroundings but was perfectly normal for me. Our family lived closer to the city proper while the other members of our family lived no further than 15 minutes away from us by car ride. So we were constantly having family gatherings and the kids grew up as playmates and best friends. I guess that is what makes my family unique. Even if we have few friends outside of our family circle, we never feel like we need more because everyone in our family is a friend to one another. We stick up for each other in much the same way that our parents and grandparents do when the need arises. One of my favorite memories from my childhood was when I was little and just about to start school. There were about 3 of us who were close in age who was also about to start school and that particular summer was the season that the older cousins got to teach us about how to survive in school. Somehow, I did not feel afraid about starting school because I knew that my siblings and cousins would also be in the same school. So I did not have to f ear to be alone, friendless, or bullied. I was right. When school started, we looked like a mafia family as the older relatives made sure that the younger ones made it to school on time, got into the right classes, and had someone to hang out with during breaks. Nobody dared mess with us. Our family took up a whole table to ourselves during lunch break and we always did what our parents told us to do, avoid trouble in school by sticking together. The only time we were separated from each other was when we finally had to report to class. When school was over, we would meet up at the front gate of the school and head on a home by school bus, still all together. Those were some of the most fun times I had as a child. I enjoyed going to school because it was a way that I could always hang out with my cousins and vice versa. We lived for school days and the weekends. Our parents found this puzzling at first but then came to realize that we were truly each other's best friend so our desir e to constantly be together was understandable and encouraged. After all, our parents believed that having each other as best friends meant that we would be free from trouble anywhere we went. It was because our cousins were inseparable that it became harder and harder for us to shop for holiday gifts for one another. Somehow we already knew who got what for whom and yet we still managed to act surprised when we would open our grits on Christmas Day.

Introduction to corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to corporate finance - Essay Example The essential element of such a relationship exists in the significant correlation between prevailing rates of interests and the past changes in the bond prices which are averaged on a weighted basis. This results in the reflection of the effects on the price levels over longer duration of time. (Irving Fisher) Fisher separation is the foundation to the theory of finance. (Moneyterms) This formed the foundation on which the modern day Present Value theories have been established. Fisher's contribution to the theory of finance with respect to the valuation of shares is based on the basis of future earnings and the present value of the earnings on the shares. This paper analyses the propositions on which the share valuation model advocated by Fisher was based and also the newer models that help mitigating the difficulties faced in the Fisher's Model. Fisher attributed the correlation between the prevailing rates of interest and the past changes in the prices of bonds which are averaged using a weighted index, to a not-so-perfect estimation about the expected inflationary tendencies and the resulting intention of the investor to extrapolate the likely future price level changes in the bonds so that the investor may be able to ad... This is known as 'Fisher effect' and is the model that Fisher advocated for use in the valuation of bonds. But it can be observed that the present day analysts use this proposition not only for bond valuation but also for the stocks. In the case of equities it is the forecast of the sustainable growth rate that replicates the interest rate factor of the bond valuation. The 'forecast growth rate' of stocks is the modern day innovation in the financial theory relating to the share valuation and trading. This stand of Fisher was substantiated by Robert F. Wiese. Wiese stated that "the proper price of any security, whether a stock or a bond, is the sum of all the future income payments discounted at the current rate of interest in order to arrive at the present value" John Burr Williams (1938) further describes this theory by stating, "A stock is worth the present value of its future dividends, with future dividends dependent on future earnings. Value thus depends on the distribution rat e for earnings, which rate is itself determined by the reinvestment needs of the business." Propositions of Fisher's Model of Share Valuation The assessment made by Irving Fisher immediately after the crash in the share prices in the year 1929, described the following attributes as determinants of the share price movements in the market, since the share price in the market is determined largely by the discounted value of future earnings in the form of dividends from the respective stock. According to Fisher basically these attributes contribute to the upward changes in the price levels of stocks: (1) "Because the earnings are continually plowed-back into business instead of being declared as dividends" In this statement

Lincoln and Johnson vs. the Radicals Essay Example for Free

Lincoln and Johnson vs. the Radicals Essay The Civil War, which lasted up until 1865, was the bloodiest battle that this Nation had ever faced. Making it even sadder was the fact that this Nation was divided, North against South, and brothers were killing brothers, fathers killing sons. It was indeed a tough time for President Lincoln who was sworn into office in 1861. He needed to end the war and figure out a way to bring peace and rebuild the Nation. In order to end the war he devised a plan to free all slaves in the eye’s of the government, and on the first day of the year in 1863 he announced his â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation,† declaring all slaves owned under the Confederacy to be now free men. The Confederacy was beginning to crumble; Southern cities were destroyed and the Southern economy was in ruins. Lincoln now focused his attention on the idea of Reconstruction, and reuniting those Southern States back into the Union. It would not be easy for Lincoln, however, as he faced far different ideas than his, proposed by the Radical Republicans, led by Pennsylvania Representative Thaddeus Stevens and Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. Despite being the Republican nomination for President, Lincoln was far more conservative than those Republicans taking the majority of seats in Congress. In December of 1863, before the war had officially come to a close, Lincoln began to devise his Reconstruction plan, which at the time was considered to be very lenient by those of the Union. His plan was very compassionate toward white southerners, except for major leaders of the Confederacy. He needed those Confederate Army generals and high-ranking officers to take an oath of loyalty to the Union, and verbally accept the Nation’s abolition of slavery. Lincoln’s plan was to institute new state governments in the South, under control of those southerners who had not aided to Confederacy. Lincoln also had the idea of granting voting rights to those freed African Americans who were educated, owned land, or had participated in the fighting for the Union. Under Lincoln’s plan, three southern states (Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee) acknowledged the abolition of slavery, formed new Union-loyal governments, and were ready to be readmitted completely into the Union. The Radical Republicans were not pleased to the slightest with Lincoln’s plan. They demanded much harsher penalties for seceding the Union, and they refused to seat the representatives from those three states, reconstructed under Lincoln’s plan. Because they were so displeased with Lincoln’s leniency, they pushed what is known as the Wade-Davis bill through Congress in 1864. This bill instituted a temporary governor, from the North, to each of those 11 Confederate states. When the majority of men residing in those states had pledged their allegiance to the Union, the governor was to hold a â€Å"constitutional convention,† where only men who had never fought against the Union could elect delegates to represent them in Congress. Once this was accomplished, the new state governments had to acknowledge the total abolition of slavery, disenfranchise Confederate leaders, and pay off all of their war debts, mainly owed to England. After all of this, and only after all of this, could those southern states be readmitted into the Union. Dissatisfied with the Radicals bill, Lincoln overrode their authority with a â€Å"pocket veto.† As you would assume, the Radicals were utterly outraged with Lincoln’s actions, and demanded that Lincoln accept some of their ideas proposed by the Wade-Davis Bill. Unfortunately, we will never know how the President would have negotiated terms with those Radical Republicans. On the night of April 14th, 1865, Lincoln was shot from behind while watching a play with his wife, and died early the next morning. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s vice President, became the Nations new President shortly after the assassination. Johnson, who was originally a democrat, was now faced with the issue of Reconstruction, and like Lincoln, took a more moderate approach. While Congress was out of session in the summer following his launch into Presidency, Johnson quickly began to â€Å"R estore† (as he like to call it) those southern states back into the Union. His plan was very much like the Wade-Davis Bill in which he instituted a temporary governor to those southern states and had the governor allow qualified voters to elect delegates to represent them in Congress. When Congress came back into session in December, they began almost immediately to refuse seats to those elected delegates. Even though Johnson’s intentions were very similar to their Wade-Davis Bill, those Radicals were angered by the fact that most southerners still wished for slavery even though they took an oath against it. Many Confederate generals being voted in as Representatives in Congress also angered the Radicals. So they shot Johnson’s plan down, plain and simple. The Radicals began to gain more and more power in Congress due to several factors. First, Black Codes began to arise in southern states which authorized sate officials to apprehend unemployed blacks for vagrancy, and hire them out to mostly plantation owners in order to pay off their vagranc y fines. This angered many northerners as is basically violated southern states oaths of African American freedom. This caused Congress to pass the first Civil Rights Act, which gave the federal government the right to intervene in state affairs if blacks were not given appropriate rights. Johnson vetoed this bill but was easily overridden by the all-powerful Radical Congress. Next, Congress devised the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. It stated that all people born or naturalized in United States territory are considered citizens, and penalties would arise for states that denied the right to vote to any male citizens. It also stated that former Confederate officials were prohibited from holding any state or federal position unless they were pardoned for their treasonous Civil War crimes by two-thirds of Congress. Any state that ratified this 14th Amendment would be readmitted into the Union. Tennessee was the only state to ratify and be readmitted right away. Finally, those ten states that were still outstanding from the Union were divided into five different â€Å"military districts.† A military commander was assigned to each district and was responsible for registering citizens to vote (black males, and those whites who had not bore arms against the Union). Voters had to elect government bodies who would write their new state constitution, and have it passed by Congress. And finally, after all that, the state had to ratify the 14th Amendment. All but Virginia, Texas and Mississippi had reunited with the Union by 1868 and finally by 1870 those last 3 states were reunited only after ratifying 15th Amendment in addition to the 14th one. Alas, the Union was rejoined, blacks now had their freedom and right to vote, and peace was beginning to take presence. When we look at the similarities proposed by Lincoln and Johnson, we see that both men were in favor of leniency for those southern states. Lincoln only felt it was necessary for Confederate leaders to take an oath of loyalty as opposed to the Congressional decision that Confederate leaders needed to be pardoned by two-thirds of Congress (Which would likely never happen as Radicals held so much power in Congress) in order to take part in state or federal legislature. It is clear that Johnson also opposed this idea, and leaned toward Lincoln’s plan, in the way he vetoed Congress vigorously. This similarity in ideas between Lincoln and Johnson is also a major difference between the presidents and Congress’s final decision. Unfortunately for Johnson (and Lincoln), and the rest of the moderate northerners, his veto was no match for Congress. A key similarity between the presidents and Congress though, was the issue of African American rights. The final Congressional plan involved a federal Civil Rights Act and two new Constitutional Amendments, in order to protect the rights of African Americans. Lincoln obviously believed in equality when he delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, and stated that educated, land-owning, or allied blacks should be given the right to vote. And based on Congresses final decision, I would say the majority of people from the south who were qualified to vote on the new state governors were probably African Americans. In conclusion, when comparing the presidential Reconstruction plans, with those actually put into play by Congress, the main difference falls within the idea of leniency vs. anger. The presidents wanted the whole ordeal over and the states rejoined, whereas the Radicals wanted revenge on the South for seceding. As to which ideas would have worked better? It is very hard to say. All that can be said is that eventually, the Radicals gained too much power in Congress for the presidents to handle, and ultimately an all-powerful republican Congress overruled their ideas. Bibliography(EZbib.com) Brinkley, Alan. Reconstruction and the New South. The Unfinished Nation. 6th ed. Vol. 2. New York [u.a.: McGraw-Hill, 2000. 369-83. Print. 35b. Radical Reconstruction. Radical Reconstruction [ushistory.org]. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. Time Line of The Civil War, 1865. Time Line of The Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

Moral Judgment Essay -- essays research papers fc

‘Moral judgments are nothing more than expressions of personal preference. While there is some point to arguing about questions of fact, moral arguments are a waste of time. The only thing at issue is what people like or don’t like’. I have probably read this statement about a million times and still do not have any qualms against it. Moral judgments are typically based on your upbringing, your likes, your religion (or non-religion), and numerous other aspects that make up your personality. Those listed traits and further attributions give you the basis of what you are going to feel morally to many issues such as: homosexuality, abortion, murder, stealing, etc. While many of us feel that we are always precise when making a judgment, this paper will show that no matter how hard we try; the above statement will always be true. In Rachels’ The Elements of Moral Philosophy; it states, â€Å"Ethical Subjectivism is the idea that our moral opinions are based on our feelings, and nothing more†. Ethical Subjectivism is what the topic statement is defining. When you make a moral judgment, such as the following: I disagree with homosexuality; what is your basis for the judgment? Society, your parents, your religion – these are all things that round out your personal preferences. By making such a statement, you are in fact just stating your own opinion (which is an extension of your preferences). In the dictionary, opinion is defined as: a belief or conclusion held with confidence but ...

Hazara people Essay

1. Where did they move to after Pakistan? They moved to America after Pakistan. 2. What job did Baba get? Baba got a job at a gas station. 3. Why didn’t he want food stamps? Baba refused food stamps because this was an insult to his pride. He is mentioned to have a strict code of honour and pride and accepting outside help to take care of his own problem. 4. What did Baba give Amir for his birthday? Why? Baba gave Amir a coveted Stingray bicycle and a fancy wristwatch, but Amir felt like those gifts were â€Å"blood money. † 5. What did Amir decide to study in college? Amir decided to study English and major in it. Baba considers it petty and not an actual job. Amir wants to become a writer and a published author but he knows that he will have to wait until he is noticed to gain money from his writing, so therefore explains to Baba that he will work at a low budget place for a while. Baba gets angry and throws the idea back into Amir’s face, but Amir finally stands tall and wants to do it anyway, despite Baba’s wishes because it is what he wants to do with the rest of his life. No matter what Baba has to say. 6. How did Baba feel about Amir’s decision? Why? Baba believes that writing is not a â€Å"real† job, as success is not ensured, and the fact that you write 1 book and can live off it, while others have to work hard their entire lives and can barely live off it. He is the kind of person who would be proud if Amir was doing a â€Å"manly† job, and he believes writing isn’t one – it is too creative etc†¦ Quite hard to explain, but many people believe creative jobs like writing, singing and acting aren’t real jobs. So basically, Baba wanted Amir to be manlier, but Amir decided not to because he had given up Hassan for Baba already and that decision had damned him. 7. How did the author say he â€Å"embraced America†? (pg. 136) 8. What did Baba and Amir do to supplement their income? 9. Reflect on Baba’s comment at the end of Chapter 11. 10. What dating customs and traditions does American culture have? Southern culture? The digital age of dating has ushered in dating websites, matchmaking tools, and personality assessments to help couples find each other in an era that often lends itself to feelings of disconnect and isolation. 11. Discuss gender (pg. 149) 12. What type of cancer does Baba have? 13. Discuss parental relations (pg.156). Compare and contrast relations today in America versus Afghanistan culture. 14. Why did Amir envy Soraya? Amir envied Soraya because he wishes that his secret could be spoken for and dealt with. CHAPTER 13 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS 1. Why wasn’t Soraya present at the beginning of the engagement party? Soraya wasn’t present at the beginning of the engagement because in Traditional Afghan ways the family and son go to the daughter’s house for a party where she is not present until the end after all the greetings are held. 2. Discuss wedding traditions. Traditionally, the bride’s family pays for American/Christian weddings. Who paid for Amir’s wedding? Amir’s father (Baba) paid for his wedding, he spent his entire life, working so he could save up money for his son’s wedding. 3. When did Baba die? About a month after Amir’s wedding, Baba died in his sleep. 4. What did Baba do the night before he died? The following night, Amir and Baba go to the Theirs’ home for the traditional ceremony of â€Å"giving word. † General there is happy and says they are doing it the right way now. Because Baba is so sick, they plan to have the wedding quickly. Baba rents an Afghan banquet hall for the ceremony, buys the ring, Amir’s tuxedo, and other necessities, until he has spent almost all of his $35,000 in savings. Of the wedding Amir remembers sitting on a sofa with Soraya. They are covered with a veil and look at each other’s reflections in a mirror. It is the first time he tells her he loves her, and they are together for the first time that night. Shortly after, Baba dies. 5. Why didn’t the General work? 6. Why didn’t the General want Jamila to sing in public? 7. What year was Amir’s first book Published? 8. Why do people whisper behind Soraya’s back? 9. Why didn’t the doctor say they couldn’t have children? What did Amir attribute it to? 10. Why did the General urge Amir and Soraya not to adopt? 11. Where did Amir buy a house? CHAPTER 14-16 1. Who called Amir and asked him to come to Pakistan? Rahim Khan called Amir and asked him to come to Pakistan. 2. How long have Amir and Soraya been married at this point? They have been married for 15 years at this point. 3. How long did Amir plan to be gone for? 4. Where did Rahim Khan live? Rahim Khan lived in Kabul. 5. Who lived in Baba’s house after he and Amir fled Kabul? Rahim Khan lived in Bab’s house after him and Amir fled from Kabul. 6. Why were the Afghans glad to have the Taliban in the beginning? The Afghans were glad to have the Taliban in the beginning because the Taliban got their start as men started bringing in cash to the Afghans fighting the Russians. 7. Why did Rahim Khan want Hassan to come live with him? In the book The Kite Runner Rahim Kahn had been best friends with Baba and Amir. After Baba had escaped to America he had asked Rahim to keep care of his place. Rahim is also aware that Hassan is Baba’s son. When Hassan was a child Rahim Kahn had watched him grow up and knew that he deserved to have more. However, he was also aware that the boy could not get his fair due because he was born illegitimately from a Hazara woman. Rahim Khan was the one Hassan had told about his rape as a child. Rahim is left alone and older and I believe that he wants to give something to Hassan. He wants him to come and stay in the big house, but Hassan will not do it. He is very honorable and will only stay in the house in which he was born on the property. Through bringing Hassan back Rahim Khan gains a family as well. 8. What was Hassan’s house like? When Rahim Khan had to go out somewhere, he left Hassan in responsibility of Baba’s house. 9. What was his wife’s name? His wife’s name is Farzana. 10. What had happened to Ali? Ali had congenital paralysis of his lower face muscles, a condition that rendered him unable to smile. 11. Why do you think Hassan changed his mind and moved with his family to live in Baba’s house with Rahim Khan? 12. Why wouldn’t Hassan move into the main house? Hassan couldn’t move into the main house because Hassan was the protagonist’s son by the wife of his servant – the servant did not know Hassan was not his son, and raised him as his own. Only the protagonist’s father (and his friend) knew that Hassan wasn’t really the servant’s son. 13. Who was the old woman who showed up on their doorstep? The old woman that showed up on their doorstep was Hassan’s mother. 14. Why do you think Hassan forgave Sanaubar? What does that tell you about Hassan’s character? Would you have forgiven your mother? I think Hassan forgave Sanaubar, cause after all, no matter how many times he’ll be mad at her for ditching him when he was small, she will always be his mom at the end of the day. This tells me about Hassan’s character is that Hassan is a type of person who forgets a person’s past no matter how bad it was, but he’ll give them a second chance. To be honest, yes I would’ve forgiven my mother because honestly I’ll be mad at her but she’s my mother after all. 15. What was Hassan’s son’s name? Hassan’s son’s name was Sohrab. 16. What year did the Taliban take over Kabul? What year did they massacre the Hazaras? CHAPTER 17-18 1. What happened to Hassan? Farzana? The Taliban’s ended up killing Hassan and Farzana. 2. What did the Taliban say about it? The Taliban’s said they will use any excuse for any kind of violence they do. 3. Where is Sohrab? After Sohrab’s parents die, Rahim Khan takes Sohrab with him to Pakistan, so Rahim can get cured. 4. What did Rahim Khan want Amir to do? Rahim Khan wanted Amir to understand that Rahim Khan had called him to Peshawar to pay not only for his betrayal of Hassan, but for Baba’s betrayal of Ali. Amir wondered if he was to blame for Hassan and Ali’s deaths because he was the one who drove them out of the house and split up the family. Finally, at thirty-eight years old, Amir was ready to take responsibility for his actions. He returned to Rahim Khan’s apartment to find him praying and told him he would bring Sohrab to Peshawar. 5. What did Amir find out about Hassan, Ali, and Baba? Amir finds out that Hassan is his biological brother, and that Baba is also Hassan’s biological father, and not Ali. 6. Why was he so upset? Amir was so upset because he betrayed Hassan a lot during his childhood, only to find out now that Hassan is his biological brother, so he feels upset and guilty about it. 7. Why is Amir more like Baba than he thought he was (pg. 226) Amir is more like Baba than he thought he was because Baba betrayed his and Ali’s friendship by spending time with his wife, whereas Amir betrayed his and Hassan’s friendship by letting him get raped by Assef. Amir and Baba both betrayed their friends. 8. Why did Amir decide to go to Kabul? Amir decided to go to Kabul because he wanted to bring Sohrab to safety, and send him to an organization where they can take really good care of him. CHAPTER 19 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS 1. What do we know about Farid, Amir’s cab driver? 2. Why is Farid suspicious about Amir? Farid is suspicious about Amir because he feels that Amir only came to Kabul so he could sell the land, sell his house, collect the money, and go back to America like a mouse, and then go to vacation somewhere. 3. What misunderstanding is there concerning Amir’s watch? The misunderstanding there is concerning Amir’s watch is that the Wahid family thinks that he came all the way here to sell of his house and land, but to clear things up, he gives the Wahid’s family’s son’s the watch as a gift. 4. What does Amir do before leaving Wahid’s house that echoes something he had done when he was much younger? How is this different? Amir had a dream about Hassan dying, and he was the one who ended up killing Hassan. Also before leaving Wahid’s house he left some money under their mattress. This is different, because when he was younger he left a wristwatch and some money under Hassan’s and Ali’s bed so they could get kicked out of the house. Whereas in this situation it is different because he doesn’t want them to get into trouble, he just wants to thank them for supporting him so he decides to leave the money under the mattress.

The Shang Dynasty - History of Ancient China

The Shang dynasty is thought to have lasted from c. 1600 to c.1100 BCE. It is also called the Yin Dynasty (or Shang-Yin). Tang the Great founded the dynasty. King Zhou was its final ruler. The Shang kings were linked to the rulers of the areas around who paid tribute and provided soldiers for military operations. The Shang kings had some bureaucracy with the highest offices presumed filled by close friends and family of the king. Records of major events were kept. Shang Population The Shang probably had about 13.5 million people, according to Duan Chang-Qun et al. It was centered on the North China Plain northward to modern Shangdong and Hebei provinces and westward through the modern Henan province. Population pressures led to multiple migrations and the capitals moved, too, until settling in Yin (Anyang, Henan) in the 14th century. Relocation of Civilization Centers in Ancient China: Environmental Factors, by Duan Chang-Qun, Gan Xue-Chun, Jeanny Wang and Paul K. Chien. Ambio, Vol. 27, No. 7 (Nov., 1998), pp. 572-575.Shang dynasty. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9067119China KnowledgeThe Shang of Ancient China, by L. M. Young. Current Anthropology, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jun., 1982), pp. 311-314. Start of the Shang Dynasty Tang the Great defeated the last, evil king of the Xia Dynasty, sending him into exile. The Shang changed their capital numerous times because of environmental problems, hostile neighbors, or because they were a semi-nomadic people used to moving. Shang Dynasty Kings Da Yi (Tang the Great)Tai DingWai BingZhong RenTai JiaWo DingTai GengXiao JiaYong JiTai WuLà ¼ JiZhong DingWai RenHedan JiaZu YiZu XinWo JiaZu DingNan GengYang JiaPan GengXiao XinXiao YiWu DingZu JiZu GengZu JiaLin XinGeng DingWu YiWen DingDi YiDi Xin (Zhou) Shang Accomplishments Earliest glazed pottery, evidence of a potters wheel, industrialized bronze casting used for rituals, wine, and food, as well as weapons and tools, advanced jade carving, determined the year was 365 1/4 days, made reports on diseases, first appearance of Chinese script, oracle bones, Steppe-like war chariots. Remains have been found of palace foundations, burials, and rammed earth fortifications. Fall of the Shang Dynasty The cycle of the founding of a dynasty by a great king and ending a dynasty with the ousting of an evil king continued with the Shang Dynasty. The final, tyrannical king of the Shang is commonly called King Zhou. He killed his own son, tortured and murdered his ministers and was overly influenced by his concubine. The Zhou army defeated the last king of the Shang, whom they called the Yin, at the Battle of Muye. The Yin King immolated himself. Sources The Shang-Yin Dynasty and the An-Yang Finds W. Perceval Yetts  The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland No. 3 (Jul., 1933), pp. 657-685Urbanism and the King in Ancient China K. C. Chang  World Archaeology Vol. 6, No. 1, Political Systems (Jun., 1974), pp. 1-14China. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-71625.Shang Divination and Metaphysics, by David N. Keightley.  Philosophy East and West, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), pp. 367-397.