Family and Dolls

Hinamatsuri Hinamatsuri ( ) is a girls’ festival in Japan which is on 3 March. At this festival, parents will put a display stage for their daughters that dolls wearing Wafuku and small furniture from the top to the bottom. Although this festival is not an official holiday in Japan, all of the family members will be together to bless girls for growing up happily and healthily to be an adult. It is very fastidious about the location of the dolls in the display stage. Usually, the top is a pair of emperor-Obina ( and empress-Mebina ( ) with a miniature gilded screen placed behind them like am imperial court. The second stage is Sannin Kanjo ( ), Kuwae no Choushi ( ), Sanpou ( ), and Nagae no Choushi ( ). The third stage is a Gonin BayashiI ( ), Kozutsumi ( ), Fue (? ), Utaikata ( ), Ookawa ( ), and Taiko ( ). The fourth stage is two Zuishiin ( ), Udaijin ( ) and Sadaijin ( ), with some food between them. The fifth stage is three servants and Ukon no Tachibana ( and Sakon no Sasu ra ( ). The sixth stage is some little dowry furniture. The seventh stage is car, cage, and sedan chair, etc. There are totally 15 dolls and 7 stages. Adding up with some other decorations, it would be more expensive. However, there has other choice for 1 stage, 3 stages or 5 stages. These dolls can be generation. When daughter get married, mother would give her daughter these dolls as dowry. Usually, people will put this display 1 or 2 weeks before 3 March.

Development Through the Life Stages Essay

Vocational Context Task 1 & 2. (P2 & P3) Imagine you have been writing about the life of you chosen celebrity for a magazine. The editor of the magazine has now asked you to describe the effect that five life factors have had on two life stages your chosen person has experienced. You will already have found out about some of the experiences your celebrity has had during two stages of their life. Your two stages are most likely to be chosen from childhood, adolescence or adulthood. You now have to imagine how the following factors may have influenced the individual: †¢ the person’s genetic background and early biological experiences †¢ the person’s general environment during these stages †¢ the social and economic circumstances of the individual’s family or carers †¢ the person’s lifestyle or the lifestyle of their family †¢ the impact of major life events. Task 3 (P4, P5, M2, M3, D2) In your role as a reporter for a magazine, you now need to write about the life of your chosen celebrity as they grow older. You must imagine some of the physical and psychological changes that could affect the person in the future. You will also need to explain two theories of ageing such as disengagement and activity theory. The Brief Task 1 (P2) – Written report ( use scenario given) Explain the potential effects of five different life factors, on the development of an individual. Life factors: genetic, eg predisposition to particular conditions, cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease, asthma, brittle bone disease, rheumatic disease; biological, eg foetal alcohol syndrome, maternal infections, effects of diet in pregnancy; environmental, eg exposure to pollution, damp/overcrowded housing, access to recreational facilities, access to health and social care services, bullying, family dysfunction, effects of culture, religion and beliefs, effects of discrimination; socioeconomic, eg income, expenditure, education, values and attitudes, peer groups, employment status; lifestyle, eg nutrition and dietary choices, alcohol intake, use and misuse of substances Task 2 (P3) – Written report Explain the influences of two predictable and two unpredictable major life events on the development of an individual. Major life events: differences in effect of predictable and unpredictable events; eg the birth of a sibling, leaving home, leaving care, leaving prison, serious injury, illness, starting school/nursery, beginning and changing employment, redundancy, bereavement, marriage, parenthood, divorce; the interrelationship between factors Task 3 (P4, P5, M2, M3, D2) (use scenario given in vocational context) Explain two theories of ageing (use scenario given in vocational context) (P4) Discuss two major theories of ageing in relation to the development of the individual (M2) Evaluate the influence of two major theories of ageing on health and social care provision.(D2) Explain the physical and psychological changes which may be associated with ageing.(P5) Discuss the effects on self-esteem and self- confidence of the physical changes associated with ageing. (M3) Physical changes: hormones; menopause; cardiovascular system, eg atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease; respiratory system, eg emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; nervous system, eg motor neurone disease, degeneration of the sense organs, degeneration of the nervous tissue, cognitive changes; muscular-skeletal, eg rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, effects of degenerative disease, muscle wasting due to poor absorption of nutrients; skin, eg loss of elasticity, effects of exposure to ultra violet rays, effects of smoking; the effects of illnesses that are more common in ageing Psychological changes: effects on confidence; effects on self-esteem; effects of ageism; effects of, eg role changes, loss of a partner, retirement, increased leisure time, financial concerns, culture, religion, beliefs; theories of ageing, eg social disengagement, activity theory; application to current health and social care provision Grading Criteria. Evidence What you have to do P2 Explain the potential effects of five different life factors on the development of an individual Written report Written report Written report You are unlikely to have any genetic or biological information about your celebrity. Even the person you are writing about is unlikely to know much about their own biological background. However you can collect information on general issues associated with genetics and biological influences. For example you could discuss the fact that genetic influences interact with the environment to create people with different body shapes, sizes and personalities. Your research may have given you some information on the person’s past environment, their socioeconomic background, lifestyle and perhaps some of the major life events that happened to them. You can use this information to help assemble a fact file that will explain how these different life factors could have influenced the development of this individual. You may be able to explain how predictable and unpredictable events have influenced this person using the persons own story. If not, then you should try to imagine how events such as starting school or work, and setbacks such as illness or career difficulties, may have influenced the celebrity you are writing about. To achieve P4 you could choose to explain disengagement and activity theory or you could research alternative theories such as continuity theory. P3  Explain the influences of two predictable and two unpredictable major life events on the development of an individual P4 Explain two theories of ageing M2 Discuss two major theories of ageing in relation to the development of the individual Written report To achieve M2 you need to discuss the degree to which your celebrity might disengage or stay actively involved with social activities as they become older. You might like to consider the role of continuity (how important it will be for your celebrity to keep their interests) when you discuss disengagement and activity theory. Evaluate the influence of two major theories of ageing on health and social care provision. Written report To achieve D2 you should evaluate how theories of ageing influence health and social care provision. If your celebrity was being supported at home or in care would they be supported to maintain continuity with their past? Would they be expected to withdraw, or would they be encouraged to remain active in order to prevent excessive disengagement P5 Explain the physical and psychological changes which may be associated with ageing. Written report To achieve P5 it will be important to use creative thinking and consider different possibilities. Some older people may no longer want to appear in public or be photographed. Other people will continue to develop their celebrity status. Some people are celebrities because they have overcome serious difficulties in their lives. These people might cope effectively with the challenges of later life. You can discuss the different possibilities that the future may hold within your fact file M3 Discuss the effects on self-esteem and self- confidence of the physical changes associated with ageing. Written report To achieve M3 you will need to discuss how these changes could affect your celebrity’s self esteem and self confidence

Too Many NGO’s, Not Enough Leaders

Non-profit Organizations in our time, has become the blood of every civil society; providing progressive benefits as well as the necessary aids for marginal groups/sectors of society. It would however be infer by the word â€Å"non-profit† that it literally mean, gaining no profit from a particular NGO. Thus, it would be a common problem for these organizations, the funds for their activities, employees’ salary, and trainings. Overview Non-profit organizations based on the research done by the Bridgespan Group (2006), faced the problem of having none if not too little resources to develop a large pool of highly competitive mangers within their organizations. Same study also indicates that over the next decade, an additional of more than double of today’s managers, will be needed by these organizations. One of the key reasons for this deficit would be the continuously increasing number of NGO’s, the retirement of leaders or the disbanding of a leader to seek greener pasture outside their non-profit organization (Bridgespan, 2006). With this in mind, there is a need to resolve this problem for leadership deficit. This paper aims to give suggestive ideas and proposals on how to address the growing need for leaders in NGO’s. Proposed Answer to the Leadership Deficit Publicity should come first. There’s a lot of ways to advertise your company. With this, you are definitely hitting two birds in one stone. First, through advertising, your endeavor and cause would be known to the public and it would be very beneficial since, major sponsors from your country or abroad would be pouring their support on your company. It would also be a good start to partner with media networks (because media has the fastest access to money). Second, is that, you would be able to attract more and more people and volunteers to work for your organization. The more volunteers you have, the lesser the budget for mobilizing labor pool. Bridgespan (2006), agree that though it may sound paradoxical, the presence of â€Å"funders† strengthen the NGO and its leadership demands through its demands that require to be met. Enhance Compensation for NGO Leaders and Executives Although some would find it their ends to reach their full potential in engaging themselves in â€Å"philanthropic† activities, it would not be denied that even these people has the economic needs, necessary for them and their families to survive. Leaders of the NGO would be much motivated if they think that their efforts and mental investments in the company are well compensated (Bridgestar, 2006). Invest within the people of your organization There is always an objective measure to quantify efficiency. Begin, by pointing out who among the junior employees in your NGO, have the capacity for hard work, mental alertness, loyalty and the necessary qualities such as greater sense of responsibility. Invest in them. Those in their senior years and are about to retire, should worked hands-on with their volunteers and juniors. Try to impart to them the knowledge that you have long held to remain the executive of your organization. Investing in these young people is cheaper and gradual than recruiting from the outside. Whenever, potential leaders are already identified, start by imparting them a higher level executive strategies through training and development. The training strategy should be feasible, cheaper and would instill the value of â€Å"continuity† among the set of leaders. Also, discuss the trend in the leadership deficit to these new potential leaders and asked their opinions and suggestions about it. Provide Intergenerational Discussion By this, it means a link between the senior (baby boomers) and the future junior leaders. A discussion on the aspirations, the rewarding milieu, hindrances to loyalty within an NGO and difficulties among these future leaders, would give an insightful bird’s-eye view on what generation gap means and how to address this hindrance. A good background on the subjects mentioned above would be the basis for creating a better framework for recruitment, training and providing increased compensation and other benefits. Senior leaders should always recognize the difference in technology they have handled before compared to these new junior potential leaders and the importance of giving the latter the right improvement for their creativity, growth and development, and fulfillment as prospective leaders of the company (NCNA, 2007). A greater Plan for the New Batches of Leaders More often than not, being a leader in an NGO neither confines anyone to the four walls of the organization, nor requires anyone to devote his/her life working for the organization. With this, it should not be overlooked, that at a more personal level, leaders tend to have their social activities outside the organization. Forming a girls club, for instance is another role a leader may play. In this manner, NGO’s should male use of this event as an advantage not otherwise. For instance, a party or a training involving their organization may farther contribute to higher employees’ satisfaction and may open venue for new prospective leaders, if not loyal employees of the organization (The Cancer Council, 2007). Given all the proposed alternatives above, NGO should reconsider the strategies that they have employed in their organizations. Above all things, for these company to realize the latter propositions, there is a must to strengthen their instability through increasing their sponsors and funds; with this all other would be a lot easier and faster. References Girls Night In. (2007). The Cancer Council NSW. Retrieved, January 22, 2008 Leadership Matters. (2006). Bridgestar.org. Retrieved, January 23, 2008, from https://www.bridgestar.org/Resources/Newsletters/2006/March2006.aspx Tierney Thomas. (2006). The Non-Profit Sector’s Budget Deficit. The Bridgespan Group. Retrieved, January 22, 2008, from http://www.bridgespangroup.org/PDF/LeadershipDeficitWhitePaper.pdf                           

About movieHome Alone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About movieHome Alone - Essay Example The 103 minutes long movie is highly entertaining and justifies its tremendous success with its top position in the box office rating for 12 straight weeks. The plot is a dream come true fantasy for children. Kevin McCallister is accidentally left behind during the Christmas when his family rushes to catch their flight for Paris where they are to celebrate Christmas with friends and relatives. While the family realizes the faux pas only when they are airborne, Kevin is delighted to find himself all alone at home. His mother, Kate remains at Paris airport to catch the first flight for home and after much ado she finally reaches Chicago to be reunited with her son. Meanwhile, Kevin is having a gala time, enjoying all the things which were earlier forbidden like watching TV, eating junk food etc. The movie takes a turn for more riotous comedy when Kevin thwarts the intentions of two burglars who come to rob the McCallister home by playing mischievous pranks which are the highlights of the film. The film is a light comedy which a family can enjoy with unadulterated fun. It is realistic in the dreams that children would like to come true because all children just wish that their parents would disappear so that they can do what they want and have fun all day without any parental control. At the same time, it must have been nostalgic for some adults who had such fun playing pranks as Kevin had done in the film. At the same time, the elaborate planning and booby traps made by eight year old Kevin look too good to be true (Goldberg, 2000). But overall, the film was a huge success because it was fantasy filled comic play of shenanigans that children love. Even though the mischiefs are a little overboard, the director had succeeded in capturing the attention of the target audience. Smith (2013) has correctly summed up the film as it ‘showed kids an irresistible world stripped of parental control’. It was

Tintern abbey ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tintern abbey ireland - Essay Example Indeed, one's uninvited thoughts can express themselves as beautiful, nostalgic, lyrical recollections as is the case with William Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey," a poem inspired by the thoughts which came to his mind upon his visitation and re-visitation of Tintern Abbey. Reading through the poem, one feels that Wordsworth is leading one by the hand, taking one on a walk through the abbey grounds and, more so, through Wordsworth's life and his thoughts - the thoughts which had crept unbidden into his mind when gazing upon, and walking through, Tintern Abbey. Halfway through the poem, midway through this guided tour, however, I realized that I did not need to take the "walk" with Wordsworth, because I had been on the walk myself. I decided to scour my computer for images from my senior trip to Ireland and was delighted when I uncovered the photos of my experience buried deep within the cavernous depths of a black hole I call my MacBook. I then continued reading the rest of the poem as I glanced up every so often at the image plastered on my glass screen. In my dim dorm room, the image seemed to emerge out of the screen and back into my mind. I could actually see Tintern Abbey the way I saw it that day in Ireland. Over a year later, Wordsworth's poem a nd the photos of my trip brought the feelings I had felt and the thoughts I had thought of that day as I gazed upon Tintern Abbey and walked through its grounds, to mind; thoughts and feelings which had been buried deep under more recent ordeals and experiences, came rushing to the fore. Wordsworth's words had not only drawn me into his mind and his feelings but had forced me to recall my own memories of that day. In so doing, I found myself questioning the purpose of this poem. What is it that Wordsworth wanted us, his readers to see, think of and experience Did I, just over a year ago, experience the same walk which Wordsworth had almost five centuries ago Was time repeating itself and were experiences being replicated across the centuries The answer to these questions lay hidden in Wordsworth's poem and in my own memories. I, therefore, had to examine both, much more critically than I had been doing. "Composed A Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour, July 13, 1798" is divided into stanzas that I believe manifest Wordsworth's thought process as he sorts through memories and new revelations when in Tintern Abbey. Wordsworth begins the poem after revealing that it has been five years since his last visit to Tintern. Yet, it is evident that the memory of every sight, sound and smell he experienced that day were still fresh in his mind and were brought to the fore during this second visit: "Once again do I behold these steep and lofty cliffsthe landscape with the quiet of the sky." (Lines 3-5) Wordsworth is not writing of new experiences but is recollecting thee past through the present. As Wordsworth recollects his memories of Tintern Abbey, I gaze at my photographs and recall my own. I can see the rolling hills and cliffs as I saw them that day, and through Wordsworth's words I can distinctly remember the calm of the sky and quiet aura that flooded the ancient arches of the Abbey. To be completely honest, at first I could only remember my personal feelings about

Finance 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance 2 - Essay Example sales and purchase agreements or decisions in the ‘futures market to develop a known price level’ and mainly ‘to offset the risk exposure and to limit themselves from any price fluctuations’. (investopedia.com) Although the future and forward hedging through future and forward contracts respectively are almost similar in nature yet there is one main difference between the two. Forward Contracts are made for fairly large transactions whereas future contracts are reached for smaller amounts. The large organizations such as multinational or supranational companies, large financial or investor groups may involve themselves in forward contract hedge. Monet market Hedge is an internal hedging technique which refers to â€Å"borrowing and lending transactions to eradicate currency risk by locking the particular variables related to foreign exchange and cash equivalents.† (Kofi Bofah) Currency Option is another instrument utilized by investors or corporations to hedge against negative fluctuations, volatility or movements in foreign exchange rates. In simple words, I can say that Currency Option is an agreement through which the holder f currency has the ‘right to involve in buying or selling of currency at a specified time period.’ For instance, in our case, Hybat Corporation can hedge against foreign currency risk by purchasing a currency option put or call. If it believes that USD/HUF rate is going to fall from 250 to 200 meaning that it will become more expensive for US Hybat to convert its export revenues from HUF to Dollar and send it to its parent company so Hybat would want to buy a ‘put option’. Similarly, if the rate is going to increase from 181 to 200, then Hybat would want to buy a â€Å"call option on USD/HUF so that  it could  stand to gain from an increase in the exchange rate† (or the  USD rise). (Investopedia.com) You must independently justify the credit rating for each category given. That is, if you use these catagories, they

Your Own Franchise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Your Own Franchise - Research Paper Example The success of the franchisor will depend on the success of the individual who purchased the franchise. This paper takes about a franchise in the insurance sector. It analyzes the franchise, the amount required to start it, the pros and cons of owning the franchise, and the strategic, administrative, and operation strategies the franchise holder should initiate for purposes of making it a success. It also outlines the various training techniques that the franchise holder should initiate for purposes of succeeding in the business. This paper has a conclusion, which is a summary of the main points identified. Brand Description: The franchise under consideration is Allstate Insurance Company. To purchase the franchise, an individual requires about $50,000. Allstate is ranked amongst the fortune 100 companies, and it is one of the most highly recognized insurance and financial companies in United States of America. The company was formed in 1931, and its success and achievements are pegg ed on its innovation (Bond, 2012). The company operates an exclusive agency force, and its expansion is always dependent on the financial position of its agents. The company is always looking for motivated and highly ambitious people who want to own and operate its Allstate agencies (McCarthy, 2010). The major business products of Allstate insurance company is insurance services targeted at home owners, and auto mobile owners. These insurance services are offered mainly through the various franchise holders of the company. The marketing of these insurance products is done under the brand names of Esurance*, Allstate*, and Esurance* (Bond, 2012). The company provides investment and retirement insurance products, as well as life insurance cover. It also provides variable and traditional life insurance cover. These insurance products are always interest sensitive, and their premiums are affordable. It also provides fixed annuities, such as health insurance covers, and voluntary acciden t cover. Other services and products that the insurance company issues are the business insurance products detailed to serve owners of small business organization. Household insurance cover to consumers targets products such as boats, motorcycles, as well as condominium insurance policies (Bond, 2012). Under the dealer services, Allstate provides non-insurance and insurance products that are sold mainly to auto mobile dealers. The company also has an Allstate roadside service. These services include wholesale and retail products meant to assist road side users. Resources used: One source of information that has provided guidance in selecting this franchise is the organizations website. The organization runs a website with the URL name, www.allstate.com. This website is useful because it provides all the necessary information pertaining to the formation, and operations of Allstate insurance company. The website provides the historic formation of Allstate insurance agency, and it iden tifies its mission, objectives and aims. It is from the organizations website that we are able to know that the company provides most of its services through agencies and franchises (Allstates, 2013). The website also contains the financial records of the company. These records are not for only the current year, but they are distributed to reflect the financial position of the company for over ten years ago. It is also easy to assess information contained in this website. This is because it does not require an individual to open an online account with the company, so as he or she can access the website. All that an individual needs is an access to the computer, and the internet. Another source of information is a book by Bond (2012), referred to as Bonds top 100 franchises. This book by Bond (2012

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature review - Essay Example Marketers are offering opportunities to customize the products. People have a desire to be unique. They pursue self-uniqueness in characteristic ways. The variables associated with compulsive buying tend to be restricted to marketing variables related to mass media like advertising contents and television viewing, socio-environmental variables like family and peer influences, and personal characteristics related to personality traits and demographics (Park & Burns, 2005). Today consumer buying is more fashion-related. Compulsive buyers are very likely to be conscious of how they look and appear to others. Credit card usage has been found to be an influential factor in compulsive buying. High level of impulsive buying is also a form of compulsive buying. Shoham and Brencic (2003) contend that the higher the unplanned purchases, the higher the compulsive purchase tendency. The higher the tendency to buy items off their product list, the higher is the compulsive purchase tendency. Compulsive buying is influenced by demographic and behavioral elements. This helps to understand the dynamics of consumer behavior. Shopping for some is a relief from stress and pressures of everyday life. Getting involved in the entire process of buying helps to alleviate the consumer from the gloom and humdrum of life. Kwak, Zinkhan and Roushanzamir (2004) contend that compulsive buying must include two criteria – behavior must be repetitive and behavior must be problematic for the individual. Thus compulsive buying is a chronic repetitive purchasing that becomes a primary response to negative feelings. Initially people feel happy but eventually realize the harmful consequences when they are unable to stop. This is line with Gutman and Mills 1982 fashion oriented dimensions which suggests that ‘fashion leaders’ and ‘fashion independents’ describe themselves as different and standing out (Lynn & Harris, 1997). Such compulsive buyers will shop at departmental and specialty

Commencement Speech at the Graduation Ceremony Term Paper

Commencement Speech at the Graduation Ceremony - Term Paper Example We are currently faced with a myriad of problems some of which include an economic slowdown, high unemployment rates, income inequality and soaring costs of living among others which make the transition from college into the job market or the communities you live in just a little bit more challenging. I hope after this, you will not only be academically prepared but more importantly psychologically prepared when you get into the job market. The United States is currently experiencing its highest unemployment rates at 8.6% since November 1982 when it was 10.8 % due to an extra ordinarily feeble job creation in the US with 108.544 million payroll jobs (excluding Government jobs) by September, 2010 almost exactly the same as we had in 1999 while the population grew from 282 million in 2000 to 308 million in 2010 meaning in theory that no new jobs were created by the private sector as illustrated in the graph I below; the stock market performance has been uninspiring in the same period t oo as shown in graph II of the S&P 500. Household investing fell in terms of bonds or stocks owned by the population fell from 57% to 48% in 2008 while incomes remaining on a plateau amidst a rising cost of vital commodities (education, health and energy) GRAPH I: US Jobs GRAPH II_ S&P 500 10 year performance The economy is equally just getting out of the doldrums following Government bailouts in 2009 and a 50 year data on incomes for all races shows a general drop in household incomes. These figures illustrate a shrinking economy with very little new jobs created and a soaring cost of living. Not since the 1920s has the gap between the rich and poor been so wide and evident, with its attendant social problems. In 2011, unemployment in the USA has dropped slightly to 8.9% from a high of a high of 9.6 in 2010 (Gross). Graduate unemployment has surpassed the 4% mark for the first time as shown in the employment trends in graph III below; though a four year degree is an asset in gettin g a job, the rate of those with four year degrees who are currently unemployed is very high, over 4%, this against a backdrop of increasing tuition fees averaging USD 50 000 a year for a private student. The situation can be so dire and as an example a recent college graduate of New York’s Monroe College is suing her alma mater for USD 72 000 because she cannot find a job! (â€Å"My budget 360†) GRAPH III The Harvard Magazine of August 2008 says that the top 1 percent of the US population takes 20 % of the total national income, compared to 18 % in 1908 showing a widening gap between the rich and poor. This means the gap for opportunities between those who come from better off families and the rest of us are also rising. The college degree is diminishing in its power as a guarantee for employment and social security in the US. The education system in the US gives all regardless of background almost an equal opportunity for higher education in well paying jobs such as m edicine, which is a good thing. In counties like the UK, only seven percent of students are educated in private schools, however three quarters of graduate doctors are privately educated, one in three of politicians are privately educated, a half of all senior civil servants are privately educated and two in three of members of the house of lords are privately educated and this trend is getting worse. The rest of the students who went through the public education system have

Consumer Behaviour and Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Consumer Behaviour and Research - Essay Example The theory presents a model that states the factors stimulating individual, group or corporate purchases, the intervening variables that may influence the purchase decisions, and the likely outcome of such purchase decisions. The factors influencing the purchase decision, according to this theory, is the sensitivity to information, perception bias and the active search for information, which ends-up indicating the favorable purchases to be done, based on the buyer preferences (Howard, 1965 p84). This is a progressive development from the earlier utility and Herbert Simon's satisficing life theories, which based the consumer behavior solely on the needs of the individual, ignoring all the intervening factors that could alter the purchase decision (Loudon, 1988 p 48). Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) This theory was developed in 1975, postulating that the buyer decision is fully influenced by beliefs and attitudes (Foxall, 2005 p16). Thus, the process of buyer behavior is preceded by at titude formation, where the buyer evaluates the alternative products and services that are available to satisfy their needs, while gauging each product and services upon its effectiveness and attractiveness. The theory further advanced, to not only look at the attitudes, but also interrogate the behavior depicted by the buyer throughout the purchase decision and execution process (Engel, Kollat & Blackwell, 1968 p10). This advanced the development of the consumer behavior theories further, from a mere focus on the needs and satisfaction process, to the actual involvement of the buyer, in information evaluation and arriving at informed decisions (Massy, Montgomery, & Morrison 1970 p16). The Theory of Planned Behavior This is a buyer intention and prediction analysis... The researcher of this essay aims to analyze the consumer behavior, that usually depicts the processes by which individuals or groups of people secure, utilize and dispose products or services, in a bid to satisfy their needs. Today, there are various theories that have been put across to explain the consumer behavior. Notably, theories of consumer behavior have been widely developed since 1800 to present day, with subsequent theories improving and expanding the previous ones. The development in the theories of buyer behavior took an upward trend starting 1950, with many researchers keenly engaging in the evaluation of the factors that influences the consumption behavior in individuals. The consumer behavior theories that have been subsequently developed include: Herbert Simon's satisficing life theory, the Theory of Buyer Behavior, Theory of Reasoned Action, The Theory of Planned Behavior. These theories were analyzed in details in this essay. The researcher also described the onlin e buying, that has become a norm for many people, owing to the recent technological developments that allow individuals to purchase products and have them delivered, in the comfort of the houses. While traditionally people used to visit stores and premises to inspect the products on sale, they are currently viewing the products online, while assessing their features and usability from the seller’s website, so that straight-to-the-point description of the products are needed for the implementation of the successful strategy.

Globalization in Egypt and India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization in Egypt and India - Essay Example With the invasion of foreigners in the 19th century, everything changed hands. Not only were local leaderships surrendered into the hands of Europeans, the Egyptian land was also taken (Khalid, 2009). During the colonial period, Egypt was transformed in that the education systems, farm-level irrigation projects, and economic growth were all improved. These were later left in the hands of Egyptians once they strove for independence that they attained (Mahmoud, 2009). India. Before globalization took place in India, the country was undeveloped. Technology was not much developed and business or commerce was relatively underdeveloped. In addition, people with skilled expertise were few. Internet and email facilities were altogether a dream but this was during that period when Indians used to be just one country and one culture. With time, Indians started experiencing foreign influence. Presently, India is culturally diversified. This has led into some of the impacts that come from differ ent cultures. Almost sixteen per cent of universal population lives in India with over 826 languages. The country is growing and it has 225 cities. Those who took part in the globalization of India include Aryans, Turks, Greeks, Afghans, Muslims, Europeans, Portuguese, Dutch, French, and the English. Aryans, Turks, Greeks, Afghans, and Muslims came with invading armies to colonize the country. Europeans, Portuguese, Dutch, French and the English came with less violent but powerful approaches. Regardless of the way these foreigners came to India, their coming was intentional because those who used arms in their coming had intentions of transforming the country either positively or negatively. The influence impacted in this country was both direct and indirect. It was direct because foreigners came to dwell there. Television is the most dominant way through which India has undergone globalization. This is because television was launched in the country in 1950s and became widespread in 1980s. This has impacted people there through programs that they watch. Because this process was taking place in the Indian cities, youths migrated from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs created by these foreign cultures leaving the elderly to depend on their own. This is a negative impact of globalization in the country. Other negative impacts were moral decay as people intermingled with foreigners to learn their cultures; divorce rates became very high especially in cities, pregnancy cases with teenagers are very dominant with teenage abortions rising by 20 percent in every year. This is according to a report by the ministry of health in Indian government. Indian traditional dresses have been displaced by western dresses more especially in urban areas. This has been due to the influence of social media and other forms of print or electronic media. Child labor is increasing in the country with more than 115 million children working despite the Indian constitution prohib iting child labor. A significant number of children work in informal sectors. Suicides which are dowry related, sexual abuse, and prostitution have been on an increase due to the negative impacts of globalization brought about by influence from other culture coupled with changing societal trends. The positive impacts of globalization in India include the fact that women have been empowered through being incorporated into the

Aqa Food Anthology Essay Example for Free

Aqa Food Anthology Essay Compare two texts from the Anthology, which present different views about what we should eat. Text 9 is a newspaper article by John Torode on ‘Why we should all eat red meat’ that vibrantly explores the issue of eating red meat and with a ‘meat lover’ perspective fighting a passionate argument against the ‘bad boy of British culture’ reputation meat has. John Torode is a well-known celebrity chef and his picture endorses the article with a sense of knowledge and character smiling for ‘the culmination of his love of beef’. This article is written to reach out to the general public, more so to the health conscious and the skeptics to persuade and guide through to a new way of thinking towards eating red meat and food in general. A very similar purpose is seen throughout text 11, the Vegetarian Society websites ‘Seven simple steps to going- and staying- vegetarian’ which aim to guide prospective vegetarians to the ultimatum of ‘you are vegetarian’ through the use of enabling and reassuring lexis. In text 11 the text is clearly set out into seven steps that are structured to coincide, following an order to which a structured plan flows like a timeline- building up confidence and experience to the reader with the desired effect of easing them in to the direction of becoming vegetarians. This is almost like an instruction manual and by the text being set in steps it is easy for the reader to digest. In comparison the structure of text 9 does not use bullet points but instead is presented in prose, which allows for story telling. Even though the texts are structured differently they are both still informative, instructive and possibly persuasive. Language techniques are chosen carefully to create these types of texts. For instance, Torode uses narrative and inclusive language. Torode begins by using first person pronouns: â€Å"When I first moved†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in his anecdote of his experiences with meat, this creates a personal, colloquial effect almost as if he is revealing himself to you making him more likeable and warm, and this is consistent throughout the text as he carries on telling us how he’d â€Å"been raised on the stuff† making him seem like a ‘down to earth’ guy who the reader can connect with. Later on in the article Torode employs inclusive language: â€Å"Why? Because we eat too much†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , in this example Torode also uses rhetoric possibly with the purpose of persuading as it makes the reader think and is a transition to his argument to why this is true. To end the article Torode slips back into the more personal first person narration much like the formalities of a conversation. There is a change of direction in the text from the anecdotal and friendly tone to where he gets serious and then back to very personal and reassuring- this is all formed to be persuasive as the personal address is comforting and the serious facts are used to further persuade the reader. The â€Å"Seven Steps† lack some of the fore mentioned techniques. What can be seen instead is a third person narrative throughout the article, thus making it sound less personal but more instructive and informative. The writer uses a brisk selection of lexis making the sentences and whole body of text shorter than text 9. Even though this text is significantly shorter it still manages to come across as concerned and helpful: â€Å"or borrow one from your local library†, here its almost like a whisper as if the voice is matched to someone friendly doing you a favor. So even though text 11 is not as colloquial and expressive as text 9 it still uses language in a way that makes it seem slightly informal, neutral and relaxed for the effect of seeming reassuring and therefore persuasive. For example the personal caption under the picture of the woman also uses first person pronoun â€Å"I gave up meat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and even uses informal language such as ‘veggie’ to seem relatable and also down to earth- just like Torode is trying to sound. This is seen in both texts as a technique to warm to the reader and draw their interest. In text 9 we see a consistent use of expressive lexis which displays passion from the narrator as he tells us ‘we ate platters of it’ and ‘I loved it’. He tells us about â€Å"my love affair with beef† using an array of adjectives (â€Å"large, smoky, well marbled join of beef†) and alliteration (â€Å"succulent steak†) to entice the readers imagination and glorify meat in support of his argument of â€Å"Why we should all eat red meat†. Combined with the use of  hyperballys and negative exaggeration (â€Å"cholesterol overdose†) when speaking of the opposing argument it radiates a consistent sense of passion backed up by authoritative facts. All in all creating a very impressive, persuasive argument. How the Vegetarian Society’s ‘Seven simple steps’ does try to persuade and guide the reader is quite different from the ‘why we should all eat red meat’ article in terms of language use. As it is a step-by-step guide it doesn’t include a personal story or emotive language like in Torodes article. Instead it uses imperatives and suggestions, (â€Å"try something new†) in every step and modal verbs throughout in a simplistic manner. Perhaps because it doesn’t need to be as persuasive since it is aimed at the already prospective vegetarian and therefore it is not opinionated or overly patronizing in any way. The effect of this is that a calm tone is created and each step simply guides the reader- the persuasion is much more subtle. Whilst language is chosen to include and instruct it is also chosen to discriminate against the opposition to eliminate possible doubts and reassure the reader, this is used in both texts. In Torode’s article he declares, â€Å"Uninformed customers still worry that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  here it mocks those who worry about BSE and what it might do. A superior stance is taken here in order to persuade. In text 11 it is strikingly similar as it tells the reader â€Å"don’t be put off by†¦ ill-informed scare stories† from â€Å"people who know very little about their own health†. Both of these bias declaratives are used to- once again- effectively comfort and assure the reader. Although not so inclusively as text 9, text 11 uses celebrity endorsement in the form of a picture of â€Å"Sir Paul McCartney† a ‘musician and vegetarian society patron’ almost like a figure head that is encouragement for readers to think that it is more acceptable to follow the views of what we should eat according to them because these famous people do. The rhetorical question posed by Sir Paul apparently, captioned below the picture is a touch to make the reader think, the words sound wise and are placed there to enliven such thoughts to the reader. This is also seen in text 9 towards the end of the article when Torode very personally tells us â€Å"My family eats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  which he makes very personal even telling us his children’s names. Torode is using himself as a figure head to the views on ‘what we should eat’ as after all he is this celebrity chef and if it is good enough for his family- it should be good for us? In conclusion the texts argue completely different views on what we should eat but the sought effect on the reader is very similar and this is why there are similarities in the way the texts both try to persuade. They are both different types of texts and therefore the language, tone and techniques vary- text 9 uses a more personal and complex approach in the form of a personal narrative to persuade the reader and create an impressive argument, whilst text 9 is a much more simplistic and subtle informative text. They are both consistently persuasive and lead to the final purpose- of leading, encouraging and informing the reader through a set of steps or a structured narrative to a new view of what we as the reader should eat. Even though Text 9 is more opinionated both texts are still biased arguments with mainly the purpose of persuasion. I think both texts are very suited to their purpose and although look and are different they interestingly use language for a very similar purpose.

The Concept Of Civilization And Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Concept Of Civilization And Culture Cultural Studies Essay These characteristics of civilization shows that the emergence of civilization significantly stabilized the social life and the course of history, created the conditions for the accumulation of historical experience and, of course, contributed to a more productive development of culture.  Now certain people or a community of people can protect their cultural achievements, to keep statements about his past recordings, rather than relying on an unstable human memory and the fragility of individual lives.   However, it becomes clear that the notion of civilization do not coincide with the notion of culture: civilization as it concentrates mainly those aspects of social life, which maintained a technical component of the culture, not its semantic foundation.   Of course, the concept of Spengler is too radical to review aspects of interaction of culture and civilization.  Real their relationship is, of course, much more complicated.  Civilization, in the first place, and there may be only on the basis of certain cultural achievements, in this sense, it really appears virtually identical culture.  But at the same time it differs from culture as their functions and target orientation.  Does not coincide with the culture, civilization is an important stimulus for socio-historical form of culture.  The interests of culture and civilization, and indeed may oppose each other, and such periods have been observed in human history.   Anyway, culture and civilization appear in two different sides of human social and historical existence, and their opposition, but also the mutual stimulation are normal.   Today the concept of civilization is often used to determine the achieved level of social development, as well as a certain level of functioning of culture in all its components.  In other words: civilization is a level of state and society, which are inherent in the high rise of culture and its effective functioning of all branches of life of society.   Modern civilization, often referred to as post-industrial forms its own culture, which has its own distinctive features, notably the high level of science, engineering and technology.  However, the above-mentioned features of modern civilization has brought to humanity not only positive changes.  The most important negative consequence of the emergence of so-called global problems of modern civilization due to the fact that the human, technical and production activities in its scope has reached the size of planetary processes.  Globalization, as a characteristic tendency of our time and gradually promotes the fusion of different cultures into a single mass culture.   However, Noosphere culture contradictory: she gave the man an unprecedented comfort and features, but relentlessly robs people of their natural beginning and thus deprives them of a certain future.  This contradiction is not only a source of hope and expectation, but also great concern over the future of man and mankind. So, on the bases of civilization arises as a set of forms that stabilize society; between culture and civilization formed a complex, contradictory system of mutual interaction.  One of the manifestations of these contradictions have become global problems of modern post-industrial civilization in nature.   The existence of different approaches to the definition and origin of civilization is caused by different content that is embedded in its interpretation.  In accordance with the contents of the essence of Civilizations and the criteria for its evaluation, determined the type of civilization.  Despite the diversity of existing views on civilization, the scientists were unanimous in relation to such of its important characteristics: 1) the formation of the state, and 2) the emergence of writing, 3) Department of Agriculture from crafts, 4) stratification of society into classes, and 5) the emergence of cities.  The presence of the first two traits nearly all recognize as compulsory, and the need for other frequently refers in doubt.Even if we take into account the first three features, they are already characterize the civilization as a socio-cultural and economic center.  The emergence of writing indicates the possibility to record information rather than store it in memory, a nd characterizes the separation of mental from physical labor, which made it possible to concentrate the efforts of individual groups of people on the development of art and different forms of positive knowledge.  The city is a cell, around which dominated primitive forms of social life of the nomadic tribes.  They perform specific functions in society: there were the centers of agricultural production, handicrafts, trade, ideology, ideological outpost.  It was during the era of the first civilizations systematized and centralized the ideological sphere, has a really strong spiritual influence on the masses, forming a geocentric type of social consciousness.  This is confirmed by the attractions of monumental architecture (huge palaces, pyramids, monuments), which showed strong production potential of society, make them.   Principled position of scientists of the Soviet period was the selection of formation types of civilization: ancient oriental despotisms, slave, feudal, bourgeois society.  This approach differed from the views of many Western scholars, who mainly rely on the concept of Arnold Toynbee, which explains both the course of development of all human cultures, applying the concept of civilization to the peculiarities of the development of peoples and cultures of different regions and countries.  [1, s.350]   Civilizational approach has been widely used in studies of historical and cultural-historical typology.  In this case, we can distinguish three approaches in the interpretation of the concept of civilization: a locally historic, historical, stadial, and world-historical.   Among the supporters of the local-historical approach there is no unanimity on the question of how many civilizations have been in the past and how many they are now.   N. Danilevskiy singled out (in chronological order) the following civilization, or cultural-historical styles: Egyptian, Assyrian-Babylonian-finikiyskugo, Indian, Iranian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Arabian, Germanic-Romance (European) and Slavic.  Spengler considered such historical and cultural worlds: the Egyptian, Indian, Babylonian, Chinese, Greco-Roman (apollonovsky), Mayan and Western European (Faust).   In Arnold Toynbee in the pre-classification, there are a number of companies of one kind, which, as historian wrote, called civilizations: Egyptian, Andean, Chinese, Minoan, Sumerian, manyanskoe, Syrian, Indies, Hittite, Hellenistic, Orthodox Christian (in Russia  ), the Far East (Korea and Japan), Orthodox Christian (mainly), the Far East (mainly), Iranian, Arab, Hindu, Mexican, Yucatan, Babylonian.   In a more condensed classification Toynbee identified, but the western world, Christian Orthodox, or Byzantine Society, located in South-Eastern Europe and Russia, Islamic society , concentrated in the arid zone (the region of arid steppes, deserts and semi-desert)  passing diagonally across North Africa and the Middle East from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Wall of China, Hindu society in the tropical subkontinentalyyuy India to the south-east of the arid zone, Far Eastern society in the subtropical and temperate areas between arid zone and the Pacific Ocean.   This classification of civilizations was the basis for the concept of L. Vasilyev, who identified five contemporary civilizations: Western Europe, Russian, Islamic, Indo-Buddhist and Confucian.   X.  White, using tropologichesky approach identified four civilizational and historical types of culture: the ironic (Western Europe), metaphorical (Middle East), sinekdotichesky (India) and analogical (China).   As part of the historical and stadial approach depending on the choice of any axiomatic criteria identify different types of civilizations.  In modern literature, for example, are considered types such as oral, written, book and screen, cosmogenic, technological and man-made, traditional and modern, evolutionary and innovative civilization.   However, in most cases, historical and stadial studies used a technocratic approach, based on which secrete an agrarian (pre-industrial), manufacturing (industrial) and information (post-industrial) civilization (Rostow, Daniel Bell, Toffler).   Agrarian civilization a society with a primitive agricultural production, hierarchical social structure and authority belonging to landowners, the church and the army as a major social institutions.   At the time, N. Kondratiev, studying the cycles of economic conditions, came to the conclusion that they are changing every 40-50 years.  These half century Kondratiev cycles considered as part of the cycle of civilization, which continues on his calculations about 200-300 years.   In Origins of history and its purpose (1949) Jaspers identified in social development are four cut: Prehistory, great historical culture of antiquity (local history), axial age (the beginning of World History),   the era of technology (the transition to a unified world history Danilevsky N. singled out (in chronological order) the following civilization, or cultural-historical styles: Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Phoenician, Indian, Iranian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Arabian, German-Romanesque  (European) and Slavic. Spengler considered such historical and cultural worlds: the Egyptian, Indian, Babylonian, Chinese, Greco-Roman (apollonovsky), Mayan and Western European (Faust).   X.  White, using a topological approach, outlined four civilizational and historical types of culture: the ironic (Western Europe), metaphorical (Middle East), sinekdotichesky (India) and analogical (China).   In a direct clash between two types of civilized development, Eastern and Western, at a time when the power of the state was determined by techno-economic and political-military advantage, we found a clear superiority of European civilization.  This gave birth in the minds of European intellectuals of the illusion of inferiority of the Eastern world, in the wake of which emerged the concept of modernization as a way of familiarizing inert East to civilization.  On the other hand, in the East against the Europeans almost until the end of the XIX century.  the conception of the vast moral and ethical superiority of Eastern civilization, that of western barbarians borrow nothing, except the machine technology.  [2, s.366]   Considering the classification of civilizations, scholars Orientalists believed that it was divided into two tree East and West, have their own, unique ways of development, of which natural and normal recognizes the east, while west is regarded as a mutation bias.  Other scholars have also offered to share all of civilization into two types, but give them a different interpretation: one of them manmade declares a characteristic of Western Europe, and the second psychogenic to Eastern countries, example of which is Indian civilization of the past.   Thus, many authors of the concept of culture and civilization divided and even opposed.  To include the field of spirituality, culture (ideas), and to civilization the result area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the material (things).  Civilization was treated as a material unit of culture.  Argues that culture is dying and snikaet before the triumph of civilization.Common and different interpretation of civilization, when it is presented as general characteristics of the historically specific types of sociality and culture.  In this case civilization is understood as a certain degree of social history, the continued development of peoples and the world in general, determined by cash condition of the social structure and spiritual world.  The most concise definition of civilization is this: Civilization socio-cultural complexes, folding at different times in different regions of the earth and bearing the features of the social and cultural identity.  That is why the common expression the Inca civilization, Greek civilization, ancient civilization, modern civilization, etc. [3, p.83]     Today the problem of Civilizations aims to researchers such problems whose solution requires a scientific approach and philosophy well conceived.  These problems are primarily such as the nature of the crisis experienced by individual cultures, particularly Western culture, the future of the Western world, strengthening of cultural identity and the resurgence of nationalism, the ratio of the modern man of religion, technology, science, the relationship between East and West, etc.     In developing a definition of civilization and the evaluation of specific civilizations, much depends on the position of the researcher.  Among the most representative theories of civilizations theory is primarily AJ. Toynbee, who continues the line of N. Danilevsky and Spengler.     His theory may be regarded as the culminating point in the development of theories of local civilizations.  Monumental study of Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, many scientists recognize a masterpiece of historical and macrosociological science.  Another of his work entitled Civilization before the court of history is devoted mainly on the clash of civilizations in the modern era.   In the study, Study of History on the basis of in-depth study of the colossal facts of world history Toynbee attempt to rethink the trends of socio-historical development of mankind in the spirit of local civilizations.  Ideas, concepts, definitions, facts, countries and peoples, past and future merge in a complex pattern, but rather points to the presence of a mystery than giving clarity and consistency of past events.   In his studies, Arnold Toynbee also believed that civilization has certain types of human communities, causing certain associations in the field of religion, architecture, art, morals, customs in short, a culture.   Unlike Spengler, who was absolutely not interested in any other culture than their allocated eight great, as historian Arnold Toynbee is concerned to describe all of the historically existing civilization.   In a comparative study of civilizations Toynbee examines and describes six representatives of the species five living and one dead and two groups of relics.As a result, a more detailed analysis revealed thirteen representatives.   Lets try to briefly address some of these types of societies.   1.  Orthodox Christian community.   * Toynbee AJ. A Study of History.  Moscow, 2002, pp.  45.     6   Orthodox Christian community, like the Western Christian, is in the filial relationship with the Hellenic society, and hence the conclusion is that one society may be in the paternal relatives relationships with several different companies.To understand how this is possible, let us turn to the geographical factor.   The rod axis of the Orthodox Christian world has its origin in the center of the Hellenic world, in the Aegean Sea.  Expansion of the Orthodox Christian community was not in a straight line: in the north-east, it initially established in Georgia, and later it passed through the Caucasus Mountains, reaching Alanya, where he was discovered out in the great Eurasian steppe, in the northwest, it swept the Balkans.  Orthodox Christianity spread, and along the transverse axis, which crosses the main axis of Constantinople.  Sea route brought Orthodox Christianity to the paternal Hellenic Society.  Differentiation of the Western and Orthodox Christianity gave rise to two different societies.  One Chrysalis Catholic Church formed two independent organism: the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church *.   Iranian and Arab society.  Next living society Islamic.  Appeal to the sources of his stories is the discovery of the universal state (Baghdad Abbasid Caliphate), the universal church (Islam) and the movement of tribes (the movement of Turkic and Mongol nomads of the Great Steppe, etc.).  Detected and signs of paternal society.  The Islamic Society was born on the territory of the Asian highlands, forming gradually a number of independent states, from which comes almost all the States of the modern Islamic world.  Two of the Islamic Society of filial one more akin to the old society, which is beyond the visible historical horizon.   1.2.  The concept of culture   The text of chapter   2.  Classification of Civilizations   2.1.  Civilization in Toynbee   Understand the history of a country, it is usually impossible without considering its relations and interactions with other countries.  To explain the event in its history, it is necessary to compare them with what is happening in other countries.  But this does not imply that the study of the history of any country should take the whole world and all history of mankind.  For example, a historian studying the history of Kievan Rus, it is necessary to consider its relations with the Byzantine Empire: without this, it is impossible to explain where, how and why the spread in Russia of Orthodox Christianity, which even now is a bridge between the Slavic and East European nations.  During the formation of civilization, as a conglomerate of countries with common historical, cultural, racial, linguistic and spiritual bonds should be paid to the special role of religious and philosophical teachings, because  their dissemination contributes to the expansion of the civilization in w hich these teachings are fundamental.   Thus, we can conclude that:   1.  Civilization is a society that far exceed the national government not only territory but also the duration of its existence;   2.  their culture with greater length, both in space and in time than the national state, city, state, or any other political alliances *.  Indeed, the historian, while remaining within its boundaries, should be able to understand all aspects of social life not only politically and economically, and culturally, which is the most profound and fundamental.  Therefore, the field of historical study covers a rather broad spatial-temporal region, which houses the society, which is able to consist of a set of states.  This society is a complete historical education, which is the social atom the basic unit of the story: Society, not the state is a social atom , which should focus its attention historian **.   Society of this type Toynbee called civilization.  Each civilization is a closed and independent from the other world.  Of course, completely isolated from external influences of civilization, apparently does not exist.  Yet each of them has relative autonomy, sufficient to allow for analysis of its history to abstract from the influence on it from other civilizations.   Geographical boundaries of the area occupied by any civilization, may change over time.  But none of the surveyed companies do not cover the whole of humanity, does not extend to the entire inhabited earth, and has no peer among the societies of its kind, our Western society, for example, is not perceived as something whole, while Hellenic Society, being one of the original members of the societies  species has not reached its maturity *.  World history is the history of different civilizations, coexisting alongside each other.   The duration of a single civilization more than the lifetime of any single nation, but at the same time, less than the time allotted to humanity as a whole.  It makes Toynbee to address the question of the continuity of history.  He distinguishes between on the one hand, a continuous sequence of phases of the history of the same civilization (similar to the periods of the life of an individual), while the other a continuous relationship over time between different civilizations (which resembles the relationship between parents and their children).  It is obvious that in the second case when filial-paternal continuity continuity in the development of societies is considerably weaker.   But nevertheless, it is like genetic inheritance determines the similarity of cultures.   2.2.  Civilization by Samuel Huntington   According to Huntington, a civilization is the cultural community of the highest rank, as the broadest level of peoples identity, which is determined by the presence of common features of the objective order, as well as subjective self-identification of people.  Divide by civilization probation.  And until now, according to Huntington, nation-states play a major role in global geopolitics, but the behavior of the system and the international orientation of these states are easier to control and predict, if conditionally divide the world on how communities.According to Huntington the creation of these communities (civilization) is meaningful only when using the culture (ie set of spiritual and material values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹created by this civilization, as well as the ability to play them) as the main factor, that is, combining all the civilization of countries belonging  to certain cultures.  Of course, you can not talk about full of cultural identity of any two different human communities.  When considering the two different human communities identified as belonging to one particular culture, one can not see the distinct cultural differences between them, but there is a third community, belonging to a completely different culture, which differ radically from both.  Here is the principle of separation of civilizations, thats a practical explanation of the Huntington: A village in southern Italy for its culture may be different from the same village in Northern Italy, but they remain the name of Italian villages, they should not be confused with the German.  In turn, European countries have common cultural traits that distinguish them from the Chinese or the Arab world.   Civilization defined by the presence of common objective features (history, language, religion ) and direct subjective self-identification of people of this civilization, and it (identity) can vary over time, resulting in change and civilization.  Therefor e it is impossible to speak of a monolithic civilizations, they themselves may consist of several nation-states may stratify at each other, include subtsivilizatsii.  Due to certain reasons the different community (they can be called ethnic groups) may be culturally dissociate from each other at such a distance that they would be easier and fairer to call different civilizations.  Particularly striking example of this a selection of Japanese Civilization: Japan, as is known, has its roots in China and Southeast Asia, but culturally evolved on the other hand, different from their branches, resulting in Japan now and is considered as a separate civilization.Huntington defines civilization as the broadest level of cultural identity people.  The next level unlike humanity from other creatures.  Due to the dimensions of civilization in the world today has 8.7 Huntington civilizations, covering the whole inhabited world.  These civilizations: Western (western Europe and North America), Latin (includes South and Central America), Africa (central and some southern and northern Africa. Huntington calls it as a contender for the title of civilization), Islamic (Part of the northern  Africa, Central Asia and part of Southeast Asia), Orthodox (Shes Russian, East European and East-Christian. Eastern Europe, Siberia. According to Huntington on the verge of extinction), Hindu (Part of South Asia), Confucian  (it is Chinese. China and South-east of mainland Asia) and Japanese civilization.  These civilizations exist at the moment, but of course there were other civilizations, and probably will be others.Civilization is not constant in the development and existence, that is, civilization can survive the period of prosperity, birth, decay, death, etc.  In total, according to Huntington (he refers to Toynbee) and 21 can speak of civilization.   3.  Clash of Civilizations   3.1.  Scientific concept of Samuel Huntingtons clash of civilizations   In the summer of 1993 in the journal  «Foreign Affairs », published an article by Samuel Huntington, entitled The Clash of Civilizations?.  Then this article caused a great stir throughout the world.  In this article, Huntington put forward his vision for peace after the Cold War, the basic idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹which was that the main players in the global arena now will not state and government, and civilization, which may comprise up to several tens of states.  The main causes of wars will be no economic or political interests, cultural clashes.  Ideology, which had great significance in the XX century gives way to culture as the main dominant global geopolitical processes.  Border confrontation between different blocks will be determined not belonging to any of the three worlds and belonging to a particular culture, community.   Huntington believed that he created a system of world development and international relations the concept of clash of civilizations is the final phase of the stadial development of global conflicts in modern times.  After the Thirty Years War (1618-1648 gg.) And the signing of the Peace of Westphalia, which issued the modern international system in Europe, both western and eastern, conflicts unfolded mainly between the rulers of states, seeking to multiply the strength of their country in all possible ways,  including through the accession of new lands.   As a result of this process have formed a sufficiently powerful state, then became national.  In connection with the modernization of society and as a consequence of the states themselves have themselves become a nation determines the course of policy, both foreign and domestic.  For a point of transition takes Huntington in 1793, the French Revolution.  This way the global geopolitical persisted until the end of World War II.  With the end of World War I and the completion of the revolutions in Russia and Germany, the clash of nations has given way to a conflict of ideologies.  The main players on the world scene now became three ideological camps Liberalistichesky, communist and nationalist.  After the Second World War and the defeat of Germany started a fight between two ideologies: communism and liberal democracy, or so-called cold war.  Neither the USSR nor the United States were a nation-state in the classic sense of the term, so that conflict is none other than the conflict of ideologies.   Huntington believes that all of the above described stages in the development of peace and international relations is the civil wars of the West, because a detailed examination of each stage can be seen a tendency to absolutism and without the enormous role of the West (Europe, primarily) in all world conflicts.Absolute apogee of the West in the global geopolitical space came in today and requires permission.  The situation predicted more Spengler in his book The Decline of Europe and now the West is ready to give up a lot in order to maintain the current, lose influence in the world, in particular the West is ready to waive part of its ideology.  One of these victims may be called the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Eurocentrism, which is increasingly giving way to other approaches consider the historical and geopolitical processes in the world.  The concept of Clash of Civilizations is one such concessions in the continuation of Western domination in the earths po litics.  Evidence, albeit indirect, for this is probably not fully voiced in Huntingtons treatise, but a very practical purpose of this theory: to improve the process of forecasting the geopolitical situation to conduct a successful policy of jogging civilizations with each other and forcing a civilization for destructivethese situations, which should preserve the primacy of Western influence.   3.2.  Is it possible to prevent a clash of civilizations?   This question has always been relevant, but now, with the expansionary impending war in the Middle East, especially.  Huntingtons opinion:   The most important conflicts of the future will unfold along the fault lines between civilizations.  He cites a series of arguments, explaining his theory:   The culture of any civilization is unique.  It has its own cultural achievements, such as language, history, tradition, religion and the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹expressed in the relations between human society and state, God. Because of this strong cultural differentiation, which does not disappear in the foreseeable future, there is greater likelihood of conflict  especially along the lines of contact between civilizations, which can escalate into conflicts, including the global.  Huntington believes that all the worst conflict in human history have been bred specifically the differences between civilizations.   Contacts between Civilizations deeper and more frequent.  As a consequence, against the backdrop of visible differences between civilizations, the cultural identity of representatives of these civilizations is enhanced.  Under this culture is the dominant force in modern geopolitics.   The economic and social development, people are starting to move away from self-identification of himself with a place of residence and country of residence.  In place, the role of religion in the identity of people increases, so that the process of desekulyarizatsii society in the world at large.   Huntington believes that the West (the U.S., especially) is now at the peak of its power, and it boosts civilization back to its roots   With increasing level of intra-regional economy grows and the value of links between regions.  But this relationship is most successful when community civilizations.  Since the intra-connection between parts of one civilization is rapidly being established and strengthened, in contrast to the regional relations between civilizations, where cultural differences can become an insurmountable obstacle.Huntington believes that there are two levels of conflict of civilizations.  The first the microlevel, where the conflict occurs between the parts of individual civilizations for territory and power.  And the second level the macro-level, where the struggle is to dominate the world on military, political and economic parameters, to extend its influence as widely as possible.   Huntington, however, still recognize the primacy and uniqueness of Western civilization (especially the impact of the U.S.) with respect to all the others: In a world where there is no rule of the United States will be more violence and disorder and less democracy and economic growth than in the world,  where the United States continues to affect more to address global issues than any other country.  Sustained international primacy of the United States is most important to the welfare and safety of Americans and for the future of freedom, democracy, open economies and the international order on the ground.   

Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+

Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+ Experimental Investigations of Catalytic Effect of Cu2+ During Anodic Disolution of Iron in NaCl Electrolyte R.K Upadhyay1, Arbind Kumar2 and P.K Srivastava3 Abstract: Taguchi’s orthogonal array L9 has been effectively used to study the effect of process parameters such as voltage, feed rate and electrolyte concentration on material removal rate in context of two different types of electrolyte namely aqueous NaCl solution and electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions. The results indicated that Cu2+ has a catalytic effect on the anodic dissolution of iron, which restrict the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and increases the dissolution rate during machining. The experimental results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) method to investigate the significance and percentage contribution of individual process parameters on performance characteristics. Key Words: Electrochemical Machining, Aqueous NaCl, Cu2+, Parameters, Oxidation, Material Removal rate. Introduction: Electrochemical machining (ECM) has got an industrial importance due to its capability of controlled atomic level metal removal1. It is an anodic dissolution  process based on electrolysis, where the application of a more traditional process is not convenient. ECM has been successfully employed in aerospace, automobile industries and now gaining much importance in the electronics and other high-tech industries for the fabrication of micro components2-3. Mask less and through mask electrochemical micromachining techniques have been successively used thin films and foils of materials those are difficult to machine by other methods4-5. Electrochemical machining is low voltage (5-25 volt) machining process which offers high metal removal rate and also capable to machine hard conductive materials into complicated profiles without any thermal damages thus suitable for mass production work with low labor requirements6-7. The dissolution rate is highly reliant on the selection of electroly tes and its current carrying capacity. On increasing the concentration of electrolyte solution dissolution rate also increases but excess concentration allows the crystal formation, which may damage the accessories of ECM and reduce the volume of electrolyte in flow pipes. The conductivity of electrolyte depends not only on the concentration but also on ionic interaction. Thus, the current carrying process done by the base electrolyte is small, but H+ and OH ions produced in electrolysis of water play important role8-9. The achievement of higher dissolution rate in ECM is a strong research base which is possible by change in composition of electrolyte solution to promote catalytic effect during dissolution10. During electrochemical machining of iron at low current density it has been observed that Fe+ cation formed very easily but it is highly unstable and immediately oxidizes into Fe2+ state. Increase in current density leads to simultaneous production of Fe2+ and Fe3+, at higher current density apparent valence of iron increases above three11. Therefore, to stabilized Fe2+ in the aqueous solution is a challenge during dissolution. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND PRINCIPLE OF ECM: Fig 1 Experimental set-up ECM is an anodic dissolution process works on the principle of Faradays law. While machining of iron in presence of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution the following chemical reactions are observed12. Reactions at Cathode: Na+ + e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Na Na + H2O à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ NaOH + H+ 2H+ + 2e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ H2 It shows that only hydrogen gas will evolve at cathode. When pure iron is being machined electrochemically the following reactions would occur13-14. Fe à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Fe2++ 2e Fe2+ + 2Cl à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ FeCl2 Fe2+ + 2(OH) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Fe(OH)2 FeCl2 + 2(OH) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Fe(OH)2 + 2Cl 2Cl Cl2 + 2e 2FeCl2 + Cl2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ 2FeCl3 H+ + Cl à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ HCl 2Fe(OH)2 + H2O +O2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ 2Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ FeCl3+ 3H2O FeCl3+ 3NaOH à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³ Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl It shows that during electrochemical machining of iron in NaCl electrolyte, iron is removed as Fe(OH)2 and precipitated as sludge while sodium chloride is recovered back. Due to further reaction, formation of Fe(OH)3 is also possible Which, confirms the existence of iron in +2 and +3 states during dissolution. Determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in electrolyte solution: The electrolyte solution containing Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions was collected. Fe+2 ions were determined directly by titrating a known volume of iron electrolyte solution with K2Cr2 O7 in acidic medium (HCl). Cr2O7 2- + 6Fe+2 + 14H+ = 2Cr+3 + 6Fe +3 + 7H2O Internal indicator N- phenyl anthranilic acid was used to mark the end point. Fe+3 ions were determined after all the Fe+3 ions are reduced into Fe+2 ions with SnCl2 in presence HCl in hot. Sn+2 + 2Fe +3 = Sn+4 + 2Fe+2 The solution was then cooled and excess SnCl2 was removed by adding HgCl2 solution. 2Hg+2 + Sn+2 +Cl = Sn+4 +Hg2Cl2 (white ppt) Titration of known volume of standard solution was done using standard solution of K2Cr2O7 in acidic medium. From the volume of K2Cr2O7 used, the total amount of Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions was determined. The amount of Fe+3 ion was determined by subtracting amount of Fe+2 which is determined earlier. Material removal rate during electrochemical machining is greatly influenced by dissolution valence. As the dissolution valence decreases MRR increases. In this paper an approach is made to enhance the electrochemical dissolution of iron through control of valency (transition) therefore, in this direction, use of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ is suggested. The dissolution limit of iron by Cu2+ ions can be is justified by considering the standard electron potential E ° for Cu2+, Fe/Fe2+and Fe/Fe3+ described as follows15. Cu2+ + 2e- Cu E ° = +0.34V Fe2+ + 2e- Fe E ° = -0.44V Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ E ° = +0.77V As E ° for Cu2+ Cu is more positive than Fe2+ Fe, Cu2 +will oxidize Fe to Fe2+. However, as E ° for Cu2+ Cu is less positive than Fe3+ Fe2+, Cu2+ will not oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. Making electrolyte solution: 250 gramsof NaCl was mixed with400 gramsof CuSO4 in10 litersof water. The mixture is stirred well for 2 minutes then heated until it loses its green color. The crystals of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and copper chloride (CuCl2) were removed by filtering the solution and thi the solution thus obtained was saturated solution of Na2SO4 containing Cu2+ ions which participates in anodic dissolution process. MACHINING CONDITIONS: Following machining parameters are selected on the basis of performance characteristics, Table1: Machining conditions for analysis SELECTION OF MACHINING PROCESS PARAMETERS Table 2 shows machining parameters and selected levels for experimental procedure Table 2: Process parameter and their levels Measurement of MRR The initial weight of the work piece was taken for calculation of MRR. Keeping the flow rate constant at 15 lit/min and the rest of the parameters are set according to table 1 for each run. Work piece was kept horizontal, and cylindrical electrode was used for machining. Gap between tool and workpiece was maintained carefully to avoid the choking. The electrode was fed continuously towards the work piece during machining and time was recorded. After machining, the cavity was formed on the work-piece. The final weight of the work-piece was taken and material removal rate was calculated as per the following formula: MRR= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: The design resulted in total of eighteen experiments, which are performed at 10V-18V supply voltage, 10-30 g/lit electrolyte concentration and 0.0001-0.0005 cm/sec feed rate as the values for the control variables. The responses measured are Material removal rate (MRR) Scheme of the experiments is as shown in Table 3. Table 3: Taguchi L9 OA for MRR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) when machinating in presence of NaCl electrolyte solution: Percentage contribution of each parameter on material removal rate during electrochemical machining of iron in aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution is shown in table 4 and represented graphically in figure 2. Table 4: ANOVA for MRR [NaCl as electrolyte] Fig 2. Contributions of the parameters when machining in presence of aqueous NaCl electrolyte solution Regression Equation: MRR= -0.01096 +0.002296Voltage +64.0FeedRate +0.000540Concentration. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(2) The equation (2) shows that Feed rate is dominant factor affecting MRR. The graphs shown in figure 3 are plotted from the regression equation (2). Fig 3. Main Effects Plot for SN ratios (NaCl electrolyte solution) Figure shows the main effect plot of the MRR depicting the effect of various machining parameters on MRR. As seen from the plot obtained, the MRR increased with increase in both voltage and feed rate. This is due to the fact that with increase in voltage the current increases in the inter electrode gap thus increasing the MRR. Feed rate is another important parameter. Increase in feed rate results in decrease of the conducting path between the workpiece and the tool hence resulting in high current density thus enhancing the rapid anodic dissolution. An overall increase in the MRR was also observed with increase in the concentration as the larger number of ions associated with the machining process which increases the machining current and thus results in higher MRR. Effects of selected process variables (i.e. Voltage, Feed rate and Concentration) on material removal rate (MRR) at different sets of conditions while machining in presence of aqueous NaCl solution are shown in figure 4(a), 4(b) and 4(c). Fig. 4(a) Effects of Voltage on material Fig. 4(b) Effects of Feed rate on material removal for different Concentration, removal for different Voltage, Feed rate= 0.0001 cm/sec. Concentration = 20 g/lit. Fig.4(c) Effects of Concentration on material removal for different Feed rates, Voltage= 14 V NaCl electrolyte tend to promote the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ during the dissolution process the maximum MRR obtained during machining of iron in aqueous NaCl solution recorded was 0.0653 cm3/sec. Although the higher concentration of NaCl is favorable for better MRR but excess concentration allows the crystal formation which reduces the volume of electrolyte in flow pipes and also affects the dissolution rate. Analysis of variance when machining in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions Percentage contribution of each parameter on material removal rate during electrochemical machining of iron in electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions is shown in table 5 and represented graphically in figure 5. Table 5 ANOVA for MRR [electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions] Fig 5. Contributions of the parameters when machining in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions Regression Equation: MRR = -0.0157 +0.002908Voltage +75.3FeedRate +0.000602Concentration. .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (3) The equation (3) shows that voltage is dominant factor affecting MRR. The graphs shown in figure 6 are plotted from the regression equation (3). Fig 6. Main Effects Plot for SN ratios (electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions) The oxidation of Fe2+ in to Fe3+ is restricted due to the presence of Cu2+ in electrolyte solution which promotes the higher dissolution rate during machining. The influence of selected process variables i.e. Voltage, Feed rate and Concentration on material removal rate at different sets of conditions in presence of electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions are shown in figure 7(a), 7(b) and 7(c) respectively. Fig. 7(a) Effects of Voltage on material Fig. 7(b) Effects of Feed rate on material removal for different Concentration, removal for different Voltage, Feed rate= 0.0001 cm/sec. Concentration = 20 g/lit. Fig. 7(c) Effects of Concentration on material removal for different Feed rates, Voltage= 14 V. The maximum MRR obtained during machining of iron in presence of Cu2 electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions was 0.0774 cm3/sec, which is 18.5% more when compared with aqueous NaCl electrolyte. CONCLUSION The electrochemical characteristics of iron in aqueous NaCl solution and electrolyte solution containing Cu2+ ions has been analyzed experimentally to investigate the influence of process parameters on MRR. The Process parameters such as voltage, feed rate, Electrolyte concentration, were successfully controlled. The different combinations of these parameters were used for the experimentation in order to determine their influence on MRR. The experiment was performed by varying all parameters in combination as per L9 orthogonal array. The experimental observations support the conclusion that the presence of Cu2+ ions in electrolyte solution restrict the further oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and enhance the low valence dissolution of iron during machining. Design of experiments and analysis of variance helped in identifying the significant parameters affecting MRR. The best combination of the parameters are Voltage= 18 V, Feed Rate=0.0005 cm/sec and electrolyte Concentration = 20 g/lit whe n using a solution containing Cu2+ ions as electrolyte. The maximum MRR obtained was 18.5 % higher when compared with aqueous NaCl electrolyte for the same set of working conditions. Acknowledgement: I express my sincere thanks to Department of Applied Chemistry BIT Extension Centre Deoghar for their cooperation to conduct the experiments in order to observe the catalytic behavior of Cu2+ ions. References: 1.Sekar T, Marappan R. Experimental investigations into the influencing parameters of electrochemical machining of AISI 202. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 2008; 7(2):337-43. 2.Bhattacharyya B, Munda J. Experimental investigation on the influence of Electrochemical machining parameters on machining rate and accuracy in micromachining domain. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 2003; 43(13):1301-10. 3. Kozak J, Rajurkar KP, Makkar Y, Selected problems of microelectrochemical machining Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2004; 149: 426– 431. 4. Bhattacharya B, Doloi B and Sridhar PJ. Electrochemical Micromachining: New possibilities for Micro- Manufacturing. J. Material. Proc.Tech 2001;113:301-305. 5. Bhattacharyya B, Malapati M, Munda J, Sarkar A. Influence of tool vibration on Machining performance in electrochemical micro-machining of copper International Journal of Machine Tool and Manufacture 2007; 47: 335–342. 6.Hocheng H, Sun YH, Lin SC, Kao PS. A material removal analysis of Electrochemical machining using flat-end cathode. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2003; 140:264- 268. 7.Yong L, Di Zhu, Yongbin, Zeng, Shaofu Huang, Hongbing Yu. Experimental Investigation on Complex Structures Machining by Electrochemical Micromachining Technology, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2010; 23:578-584. 8.Mukherjee SK, Kumar S, Srivastava PK. Effect of electrolyte on current- carrying process in ECM, I Mech E Part C J. Mechanical Engineering Science 2007; 221:1415-1419. 9. Byk MV, Tkalenko DA and Tkalenko MD. On participation of hydroxide ions in the anodic dissolution of metals in aqueous electrolyte solution. Prot Met t 2004; 40(3): 294-296. 10.Ayyappan S and Sivakumar K. Investigation of electrochemical machining characteristics of 20MnCr5 alloy steel using potassium dichromate mixed aqueous NaCl electrolyte and optimization of process parameters.Proc I MechE part B Journal of Engineering Manufacture 2014. 11.Srivastava PK, Kumar R, Barhai PK. Energy Profile and Thermodynamic Feasibility of Iron(I) during Electrochemical Machining of Iron.International Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2013; 41:1146-1158. 12.Mukherjee SK, Kumar S, Srivastava PK. Effect of over voltage on material removal rate during Electrochemical Machining. Tamkand Journal of Science and Engineering 2005; 8: 23- 28. 13. Neto JC.d.S, Silva, EMd, Silva MBd. Intervening variables in electrochemical machining Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2006; 179:92–96. 14.Mount AR, Muir RN. Dissolution characteristics of iron and stainless steels in chloride under electrochemical machining conditions; Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2007;154: 3: E57; E61. 15. Electrochemistry 3: Cell potentials and thermodynamics, chemwiki.ucdavis.edu †º Analytical Chemistry †º Electrochemistry (2014, accessed 15 May 2015). Stephen K. Lower. Redox equilibria in natural waters: Chem1 Environmental Chemistry, http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c3redox.pdf(1998, accessed 15 May 2015). 1

Free College Essays - Struggling for the Dream in A Raisin in the Sun :: A Raisin in the Sun

Struggling for the Dream in A Raisin in the Sun  Ã‚   Set in a cramped apartment in poverty-striken Southside Chicago, Lorraine Hansberry, through realistic slang, accounts the struggles of five black family members battling against racism to attain middle-class acceptance during 1959. After Walter Younger's business "partner" skipped town with a portion of the family's $10,000 inheritance money, the desolate son returns home to break the news to his family that their hopes for the future have been stolen and their dreams for a better life were dashed. Redeeming himself in the eyes of his family, Walter refuses to sell-out his race to the prejudiced white Clybourne Park spokesman Karl Lindner, who offers to pay off the Youngers to stop them from moving in the neighborhood. Hansberry highlights the different values of a black and white culture by attempting to alienate the Youngers from the affluent white community. The attributes of pride and prejudice are assigned to Walter and Karl, respectively to define their stereotypical society's assumptions. The play opens with Mama Younger awaiting the coming of a $10,000 insurance check from the death of her husband. Mama sees in this legacy the chance to escape the ghetto life of the Chicago Southside and decides to use part of the money as a down payment for a house in an all-white neighborhood. Her brilliant daughter Beneatha views the inheritance as a chance to live out her dream and go to medical school. Her son Walter becomes obsessed with business, ever since he learns of the $10,000 insurance check. Desperate to become higher in society and believing the money will solve all of his economic and social problems, Walter has a plea that is difficult to ignore. Thirty-five year old Walter sees this as his last chance to carry out his dream business deal and invest with some friends in a liquor store. By doing this, it might quadruple his money, and he thinks that will make him a worthier man. Walter promises that if he can just have the money, he can give back to the family all the blessings that their hard lives have denied them. Against her better judgment, Mama gives in to the desire of her son. She has to admit that life's chances have never been good for him and that he deserves the chance that money might give him. As soon as he invested the money, his so-called "friend" skips town with it.

The Central American Free Trade Agreement Essay -- CAFTA International

The Central American Free Trade Agreement CAFTA is a proposed international free trade agreement between the United States and numerous countries within Central America. Some of the nations who could potentially participate in this treaty are Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This proposed agreement stems primarily from the fact the United States relies on Central America as a primary export market. In fact, it is believed this area of world is Americas 18th largest export target. Another contributing factor to the proposed agreement comes from what is believed to be an unfair trade policy. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan, Central American countries had many tariffs slashed under what is known as the Caribbean Basin Initiative. This initiative allowed around 74% of all exports to America to arrive duty free. Meanwhile, U.S. goods entering their region faced of much deeper import duty of roughly 10%. All in all, the U.S. government believes this act will solidify democracy and level the playi ng field for future products produced by the United States. From the very beginning, The United States has gone to great lengths to express the upside to altering this existing policy. The country takes the stand that this will benefit both parties by allowing greater access to the U.S. market. The U.S. has also continually used the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as a model for the policies potential success. Current government leaders contend CAFTA will benefit all American consumers buy opening up a broader spectrum of trade. They also believe putting this policy into action will promote a more modern concept of trade in Central America, allowing the region to continue in economic development and democratic governance. Perhaps the biggest benefit occurring from CAFTA would be the eventual promoting of U.S. exports. Opening this trade agreement would broaden the spectrum in which U.S. goods are bought and sold. This of course would widen the market allowing for a stronger American economy as a result of a bigger consumer base. Furthermore, a bigger consumer base overseas creates a direct result of a need for more production here at home. In the simplest of terms, that means more jobs here there for creating a stronger economy. Besides all the numbers and economic figures, America also benefits by spreading the philoso... ...e they say, who should be in the forefront of our decision making. Creating a position on CAFTA is a hard and complicated process. There are so many angles to be viewed that it makes a definitive stance almost impossible. When simply going over the general facts it is very apparent both sides create some excellent points. Hypothetically, the United States argument is correct in the fact creating worldwide trade does open the doors for growth and economic expansion. Trade agreements no doubt break down barriers and provide a more cohesive policy. However, the possible side effects can not be ignored, especially in an area as delicate as Central America. In an economy that thin it is dangerous to say the least to alter their entire system and try to mold it after a huge and stable democracy. Just because it works for us does not necessarily mean it will create benefits for them. Furthermore, to throw this policy upon a country that is uneducated in its principles is down right ignorant, and reeks of a self serving motive. Due to this fact, I believe i t is in Central America’s best interest to reject the CAFTA proposal, and perhaps wait for a more proven and solid trade philosophy.